Index

Citation (2017), "Index", Multinational Enterprises and Sustainable Development (International Business and Management, Vol. 33), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 237-246. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1876-066X20170000033013 Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited Copyright © 2017 Emerald Publishing Limited INDEX Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” indicate figures and tables respectively. AAI See accelerated access initiative (AAI) ABB Group, 217 Abbot, 78 Abdullah, H., 102 accelerated access initiative (AAI), 54 acceptability of products/services, 50 accessibility of products/services, 50 ACHAP See African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnerships (ACHAP) active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), 78 AES See Applied Energy Service (AES) Corporation affordability of products/services, 50 Africa Chinese FDIs, 180, 181 FDI inflows, 180–181 share in global FDI inflows, 180 African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnerships (ACHAP), 55 agricultural research system, India, 136–137 Amadi, B. O., 102 American Chamber of Commerce of Rio de Janeiro, 215 Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification, 72 Antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, 54 API See active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) Applied Energy Service (AES) Corporation, 215–217 Arogya Parivar, 27 ASEAN countries, employment effects of FDI in, 201 Asian countries, 226–227 Austin, J. E., 167 availability of products/services, 48 Bacillus thuringiensis, 133, 137 See also Bt cotton Bandyopadhyay, K. R., 199 Barwale, Badrinarayan R., 137–138 Bayer AG, 85 Belderbos, R., 20 bilateral agreements, 152 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 52 Blue Skies, Ghana, 25–26 Bollgard, 138 BoP See Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP) Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP), 4 market investment, 92–93 Brazil Light for All Program (LfA), 203–220 Petrobras, 220 pharmaceutical MNEs, 53 public–private consortia, 53 reasons for low access to electricity in, 207 regions, 203 Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS), 55 Bt brinjal, 139 Bt cotton, 133 controversy over, 138–139 drivers of adoption, 134, 134t illegal seeds, 139 Indian case study, 135–142 literature finding, 133–135 policy swings, 139 post-adoption profit drivers, 135t Canada, 181 cancer medicine, 85 See also Sorafenib Tosylate Caretrace, online traceability system, 25 CDSCO See Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) Centrais Elétricas Brasileiras SA (Eletrobras), 203 Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO), 72 Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), 72 Child Friendly Companies See Applied Energy Service (AES) Corporation China economic growth, 179 in Ghana See Chinese MNEs, in Ghana China effect, 2 Chinese MNEs, in Ghana, 174, 183–188 cultural and language barriers, 186, 187 diffusion of managerial knowledge, 186 employees gain skills from, 185t employment of locals, 187–188 findings, 187 learning potential, 186 skill development/transfer, 183, 184t technologies, 187 chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), 84 civil society, 79 Clarke, R., 21 clean energy, access to, 3 clinical trials, 158 CMIE See Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) Cocoa Plan, Nestlé, 27 Coelce, 217–218 Collaborating Centre for Drugs Statistics Methodology (WHO), 72 Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, 61 competition-based pricing, 161–162 consumption, globalization of, 229 controversy, over Bt cotton in India, 138–139 corporate brand, 169 corporate social responsibility (CSR), 4, 54, 179–180 Ghana, 190–191 investment for poverty alleviation, 93–94 pharmaceutical companies, 54 corpus on “Multinational” AND “Poverty” compilation, 94–96 databases, 94 meta-analysis, 96–102 Scopus, 94, 95–96, 107t–129t corruption, 98, 220 Creating Shared Value (CSV) program, 26–27 credibility, 168 Crespo, N., 21 crowding out, 4 cry1Ac gene, 133 Cry family genes, 137 CSIR-Science and Technology Policy Research Institute (STEPRI), 182, 183 CSR See corporate social responsibility (CSR) CSV See Creating Shared Value (CSV) program DALY See disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) demonstration effect, 176–177 See also managerial knowledge spillovers Department of Biotechnology (DBT), 138 Department of Health and Family Welfare, India, 78 Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), Government of India, 72, 78 Development Assistance Committee (DAC), 152 diffusion of management practices, 177 See also managerial knowledge spillovers DIPP See Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), Government of India disability-adjusted life-year (DALY), 52, 58, 62n1 diseases identified, 58t–59t noncommunicable, 59t DNDI See Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDI) Doh, J. P., 179 Driffield, N., 21 Driffield, N. L., 200 Drug Controller General of India (DCGI), 72 Drugs@FDA, 72 Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDI), 58 Dunning, J. H., 179, 200 electricity, 3 See also Light for All Program (LfA), Brazil government intervention, 196, 199 low carbon sources, 196 poverty and, 196 renewable sources, 196–197 supply, 196 WEO-2016 on, 196 electrification, 3 demand for, 196 environmental regulations, 201 government regulation and incentives, 200–201 grid expansion, 199 income generation activity, 196 infrastructure, 199–200 off-grid solutions, 199–200 sourcing resources, 199 Eletrobras See Centrais Elétricas Brasileiras SA (Eletrobras) Elkington, 141 employment effects of MNEs, 201–202 energy policies, 198–199 essential medicines, access to, 42–43 pharmaceutical industry in, 46 pricing, 161–162 Ethical Criteria for Medical Drug Promotion, 160 European International Business Academy (EIBA) Conference 2014–2016, 7 European MNEs, in Ghana, 174, 183–186 educational background employment, 188 employees gain skills from, 185t findings, 188 gender sensitivity, 188–189 learning potential, 186, 188 skill development/transfer, 183, 184t Fatima, S. T., 200 Feenstra, R., 201 Ferrara, I., 201 Firth, R., 4–5, 200 Fontoura, M. P., 21 Foreign Capital Census in Brazil, 217 foreign direct investments (FDI), 2 in Africa and Ghana, 180–181 economic incentives, 4 emerging countries, 4 in Indian pharmaceutical sector, 74, 76, 77–79 knowledge spillovers, 175, 200 local capability building and, 175 managerial knowledge transfer and, 176–177 negative effects of, 197 positive effect of, 3 poverty alleviation and, 6, 14–15, 203 preconditions for benefits from, 198 reverse spillover effects, 200 Fortanier, F., 200 France, 181 Free Zone Enclave, Ghana, 26 Fresenius Kabi, 29, 80 Fu, X., 179 Gaz de France and Suez (GDF SUEZ), 215 GEAC See Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) gender inequality, 202 Gene Campaign, 138 generic medicines, 156 branded, 156 corporate brand vs. product brand, 169 at low cost, 156 quality assurance, 159 genetically modified plant varieties (GMV), 132–133 collaborating local actors in innovation, 142 commercialization, product and business legitimacy for, 141 outreach to farmers, 141–142 value to farmers, 141 Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC), 138–139 G-Finder Report, 52 Ghana Blue Skies, 25–26 Chinese MNEs in, 174, 183–188, 184t–185t CSR, 190–191 economic development trends in, 178 education, 190 European MNEs in, 174, 183–186, 184t–185t, 188–189 FDI inflows, 180–181 GSGDA, 177–178 Industrial Policy, 178, 179, 190 Nestlé, 26–27 per capita income, 177 performance of key economic sectors, 178, 179f policy implications, 189–191 tax rebates and concessions, 190 Ghana Investment Promotion Centre (GIPC), 179, 180 Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda (GSGDA), 177–178 Ghana Statistical Service, 183 Ghauri, P. N., 4–5, 21, 200 Gilead licenses, 79 GIPC See Ghana Investment Promotion Centre (GIPC) GlaxoSmithKline, 56 globalization, 152–153, 229 GMV See genetically modified plant varieties (GMV) Grains Quality Improvement Programme, 27 Green Peace-India, 138 Green Revolution, 132 GSGDA See Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda (GSGDA) Gujarat, India, 138 HAL See Hindustan Antibiotics Ltd. (HAL) Hall, D., 102 Hanson, G., 201 health and economic development, 43–44, 46f behavioral changes, 44 demographic transition, 43 human capital accumulation, 44, 45t labor productivity, 44, 45t healthcare infrastructure, in rural areas, 161 health outcomes See also pharmaceutical MNEs health expenditure, 45 pharmaceutical products and, 45–47 health promotion, pharmaceutical industry in, 48–60 areas of contribution, 48–50, 49t,, 50f,, 51t strategies, 51–56 high electric bill, 207 Hindustan Antibiotics Ltd. (HAL), 72 HIV/AIDS, 50, 51, 55, 57, 58, 61 Hoechst GmbH, 28 host country government, in poverty alleviation, 32 HRES See hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) human capital accumulation, health and, 44, 45t Human Development Atlas, 203 Human Development Index (HDI), 203 Hussein, A., 162 hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES), 214–215 hydroelectricity, Brazil, 210, 211–212 drawbacks, 212 Hymer, S. H., 227 ICAR See Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) IDPL See Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (IDPL) IFPMA See International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations (IFPMA) ILO See International Labor Organization (ILO) Imatinib Mesylate, 84 IMS Health, 71, 72, 73 India, 181 access to medicine, 164 agricultural research system, 136–137 Bt brinjal, 139 Bt cotton in, 135–142 GEAC, 138–139 industrial sector’s contribution to GDP, 178–179 Mahyco, 137–139 new chemical entities (NCE), 69, 70, 72, 81, 83 Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), 138 Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (IDPL), 72 Indian Patent Act, 70, 73, 83–84 Indian pharmaceutical sector, MNEs in, 69–86 approvals of, as compare to United States, 82t balancing public health and trade, 85–86 civil society, 79 contribution of, 74f FDI in, 74, 76, 77–79 Imatinib Mesylate, 84 Indian Patent Act, 70, 73, 83–84 intellectual property, 83–85 methods of research, 71–73 new biological entities (NBE), 69, 70, 72, 81, 83, 83t overview, 70–71 research and development, 72, 79–81, 80t research questions, 71 sales values, 73, 74t,, 75t–76t, 77f Sorafenib Tosylate, 85 intellectual property rights (IPR), 70, 86, 164 India, 83–85 overcoming barriers of, 56 internal communication systems, 177 International Energy Agency, 3 International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations (IFPMA), 55 International Labor Organization (ILO), 201 IPR See Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) job security, 4, 202 Jstor, 94 Kachwamba, M., 162 Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha (KRRS), 138 Kathuria, V., 200 Kenya, 180 Knowledge Ecology International and Act Up Paris, 56 knowledge spillovers, 175, 200 managerial, 176–177 KRRS See Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha (KRRS) Krugman, P., 228 Kuznets, S., 90 labor legislation, 202 labor productivity, 44, 45t Law of Increasing Firm Size, 227 Law of Uneven Economic Development, 227 laws of development, 227 Levin, T., 200 Lieberthal, K., 230 life expectancy, 44 Light for All Program (LfA), Brazil, 203–220 features of, 204 impact of, 207–220 MNEs contribution, 214–220 overview, 203–207 performance of, 204–206, 206t qualitative interview, 212–214 quantitative assessment, 209–210 sources of electricity, 210–212 living standards, 2 Lobina, E., 102 local firms, poverty alleviation and, 29–30 London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases, 62n3 lower middle-income countries, 2 Lundan S. M., 179 M&A See mergers and acquisitions (M&As) Mahyco, 137–139 managerial knowledge spillovers, 176–177 demonstration effect, 176–177 diffusion of management practices, 177 internal communication systems, 177 movement of labor, 176 market-based pricing, 161–162, 165 MDG See Millennium Development Goals (MDG) Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), 56 medicine, 2, 3 access to, 42–43 consumption of, 45 costs of, 45 expenditure on, 42, 46–47, 47f new, prescription of, 46 nonmarket efforts improving access to, 54–55 OECD countries, 42, 46–47 pricing, 53–54, 161–162 Medicines for Malaria Venture, 53 Medicines Patent Pool (MPP), 56 Merck & Co., 55 mergers and acquisitions (M&As), 78 meta-analysis of abstracts, 96–102 defined, 96 steps, 96 Millennium Development Goals (MDG), 2, 90 Millennium Summit in September 2000, 2 Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), Government of India, 72 Ministry of Health of Brazil, 55 Ministry of Trade and Industry (MOTI), 178 MNEmerge project, 5–7 activities, 6 consortium, 5 geographical partners, 5 objectives, 5–6 Monsanto, 137–142 See also Bt cotton Morck, R., 188 Morrissey, O., 201 MPP See Medicines Patent Pool (MPP) MSF See Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) multilateral agreements, 152 multinational enterprises (MNE), 2 See also Indian pharmaceutical sector MNEs in pharmaceutical MNEs poverty alleviation, MNEs in BoP population, 4 CSR and, 4, 179–180 employment effects, 201–202 engagement, 4–5 gender inequality, 202 important role, 4 internal communication systems, 177 job security, 4, 202 local firms and, 200 policy implications for, 231–233 renewable energy supply, 214–218 technological spillovers, 4 workplaces created by, 3–4 Munday, M., 21 Nagarajan, L., 137 Natco, 85 National Development Planning Commission (NDPC), 177 National Interconnected System, Brazil, 207, 210 Navbharat Seeds, 138 NBE See new biological entities (NBE) NCE See new chemical entities (NCE) NDPC See National Development Planning Commission (NDPC) Nestlé, Ghana, 26–27 new biological entities (NBE), 69, 70, 72, 81, 83, 83t new chemical entities (NCE), 69, 70, 72, 81, 83 new development paradigm (NDP), 200 Nexavar See Sorafenib Tosylate Niger Delta region, 102 Nigeria, 180 nongovernmental organizations (NGO), 54, 229 poverty alleviation, 31–32 Noor, H. M., 21 Novartis, India, 27 OECD See Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) OPPI See Organisation of Pharmaceutical Producers of India (OPPI) Organisation of Pharmaceutical Producers of India (OPPI), 72 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 42 Ozgediz, D., 161 Palit, D., 199 Paris Climate Conference (COP21, 2015), 196 Park, B. I., 21 Parliamentary Standing Committee Reports on GM crops, India, 139 PATH See Programme for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH) Penrose, E.T., 227 Petrobras, 220 Petroleum Local Content and Local Participation Regulation of 2013, 189–190 Pfizer, 56, 78 pharmaceutical MNEs, 151–170 See also Indian pharmaceutical sector, MNEs in acceptability, 50 affordability, 50 contribution to health, 48–51, 49t, 51t distribution for penetration, 160–161 engaging local firms in innovation, 157–158 focus of, 58 geographical accessibility, 50 in Ghana, 154 greenfield vs. brownfield investments, 157 initiatives for sustainable development, 154 investments, 157 market- and competition-based pricing, 161–162 marketing, 158, 160 as part of complex system, 56–58 physical availability, 48 public–private partnerships, 161 quality assurance, 159 R&D-based, 154, 157–158, 160 recovery, branding for, 159–160 social development initiatives, 163–170 strategies of, 51–56, 155–156 PHFI See Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI) Pirmal Healthcare, 78 policy makers, in poverty alleviation, 30–31 policy swings, on GM crops in India, 139 Pool for Open Innovation against Neglected Tropical Diseases, 56 poverty alleviation, MNEs in, 2, 13–27, 225–233 See also pharmaceutical MNEs BoP market investment, 92–93 case studies, 25–29 conceptual framework, 22–24, 91–93 corpus See corpus on “Multinational” AND “Poverty” CSR investment, 93–94 employment, 17 FDI effect on, 6, 14–15, 203 findings, 29–35 future, 229–230 host country government role, 32 limitations, 233 local firms, 29–30 methodology, 24–29 NGOs’ role, 31–32 overview, 14–16 past, 227 policy implications, 231–233 policy makers role in, 30–31 present, 228–229 research question, 16–18 spillover effects, 30 theoretical background, 18–22 PPP See public-private partnership (PPP) Prahalad, C. D., 230 Pray, C. E., 137 PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), 152 pricing of medicine, 53–54, 161–162 private health sector, 153 product brand, 169 production, globalization of, 229 products/services, pharmaceutical MNEs acceptability, 50 accessibility, 50 affordability, 50 availability of, 48 Programme for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), 52 Projeto Solar Água Vermelha, 217 public health and trade, 85–86 Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI), 163–164 public-private partnership (PPP), 5, 52–53, 55, 161 PwC See PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) Rajagopala Ayyangar Commission, India, 73 raltegravir, 55 Ranbaxy, 78 “Recycle More, Pay Less,”, 216 remote rural areas, 3 renewable energy, 196–197 renewable energy supply, 214–218 renewable sources of electricity, 196 Riviello, R., 161 Roberts, A., 21 Royal Dutch Shell, 102 Rugman, A. M., 167, 179 sanitation, 2, 3 Sanofi India, 28–29, 78 Sass, 98 Science Direct, 94 Scopus, corpus obtained from, 94, 95–96, 107t–129t Seguino, S., 202 Seitanidi, M. M., 167 Shell Petroleum Developing Company, 102 SINDELETRO, 217–218 social development initiatives, 153 social development initiatives, by pharmaceutical MNEs, 163–170 analysis, 164–166 direct returns on, 168–169 indirect returns, 167–168 recommendations, 169–170 Sofosbuvir, 79 Sorafenib Tosylate, 85 South Africa, 180 South Korea, 180, 181 spillover effects, poverty alleviation, 30 STEPRI See CSIR-Science and Technology Policy Research Institute (STEPRI) strategies, of pharmaceutical MNEs, 51–56, 155–156 health outcomes through R&D, 51–52 intellectual property rights, overcoming barriers of, 56 licensing agreements, 55–56 nonmarket efforts, 54–55 PPPs, 52–53, 55 pricing, 53–54 technology transfer, 55–56 Streeten, P., 227 subcontracting local firms, 4 Sub Saharan Africa (SSA), 153 Chinese FDIs in, 180 Sumner, A., 203 Supreme Court, India, 139 sustainable development defined, 90 sustainable development agenda, 2–5 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), 2 PPP and, 5 SDG1 (goal 1), 89–105 SDG3 (goal 3), 151–170 SDG8 (goal 8), 174 SDG9 (goal 9), 173–174 TB Drug Development, 53 technological spillovers, 4 Technology and Management Centre for Development (TMCD), 182, 183 technology transfer, 3, 4 Te Velde, D. W., 201–202 Thomas, V. M., 200 Thuringia, Germany, 137 Tractebel Energy, 215 trade, public health and, 85–86 Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), 159, 162 Indian Patent Act and, 84 transfer pricing, 161–162 “Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,”, 2 TRIPS See Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) UNIDO See United Nations Industrial Development organization (UNIDO) Unilever, 196 United Kingdom, 181 United Nations, 90 United Nations Industrial Development organization (UNIDO), 7 United Nations Millennium Declaration, 2 United States, 180 UN Sustainable Development Agenda, 2–5 USFDA See U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), 72 VHAG See Voluntary Health Association of Goa (VHAG) Volta River Authority (VRA), 190 Voluntary Health Association of Goa (VHAG), 29 VRA See Volta River Authority (VRA) Welch, D. E., 187 Welch, L. S., 187 WHO See World Health Organization (WHO) women, MNEs and, 202 World Energy Outlook for 2016 (WEO-2016), 196 World Health Organization (WHO), 153, 154 Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification, 72 Collaborating Centre for Drugs Statistics Methodology, 72 Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, 61 Ethical Criteria for Medical Drug Promotion, 160 medicine pricing, 161–162 World Investment Report 2015, 180 World Trade Organization (WTO), 154, 227 Xenogiani, T., 202 Book Chapters Prelims Introduction: How multinational enterprises can contribute to achieving sustainable development goals The impact of multinational enterprises on sustainable development and poverty reduction: Research framework The contribution of the Pharmaceutical Industry to the health status of the developing world MNEs contribution to the Indian pharmaceutical sector On nudging MNE towards SDG1: a policy perspective MNE led new market creation in Emerging Countries: The case of Bt cotton Returns from Strategies Adopted by MNEs to Improve Global Health and Wellbeing: Third Sustainable Development Goal MNEs and Capabilities Building in Ghana MNEs’ Contribution to Sustainable Energy and Development: the case of ‘Light for All’ Program in Brazil Multinational Enterprises, Sustainable Development and Poverty Alleviation: Past, Present and Future Index

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