Effect of Foaminess on the Performance of Solution Gas Drive in Heavy Oil Reservoirs
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Some of heavy oil reservoirs under solution gas drive show abnormally high final recoveries. One of the mechanisms to explain these phenomena is the foamy oil flow effect which occurs under a certain combination of capillary, viscous and gravity forces. It has been studied extensively, yet remains poorly understood and difficult to model. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of oil foaminess on the performance of solution gas drive in heavy oil reservoirs. In this research, the first step was to find a foaming agent that will have a measurable effect on foam stability of a viscous mineral oil. An experimental procedure was developed to quantify the oil foaminess in the presence of added foaming agent. Several depletion tests were conducted with the added foaming agent at different depletion rates using a 2 meters long sand-pack. The experimental results showed that the foam stability had a positive effect on the solution gas drive performance. Such positive effects of enhanced oil foaminess were mainly observed at low depletion rates. It appears that foam stability plays an active role in the gas-phase build up during solution gas drive and the resulting production behavior. Introduction With high oil prices and continuous decline of conventional resources, the attention is shifting into heavy oil in many parts of the world. Six to nine trillion barrels, or more than two-thirds of the world's oil resources, are heavy viscous crudes that are challenging to produce.1 Heavy oil promises to play a major role in the future of oil industry. Therefore, understanding heavy oil behavior and improving the recoveries in heavy oil reservoirs is crucial to meeting the future energy demand. With higher viscosity, ranging from 500 to 50,000 cp and less than 20 ° API gravity, heavy oils are more difficult to produce than the conventional oils. The high viscosity results in lower recovery factors in primary production. However, some Canadian heavy oil reservoirs produce more than what is expected by the conventional equations. Primary recovery from these reservoirs could be as high as 20%.2 Two main effects are involved in heavy oil – solution gas drive reservoirs: geomechanical effects and fluid flow effects. In conventional solution gas drive the gas evolves in the pore space and connects with the gas in the other pores forming a free continuous gas resulting in higher gas rates. In heavy oil reservoirs, the gas bubbles tend to remain dispersed within the viscous oil because of the high viscosity, low diffusion rates and higher pressure gradients. This behavior results in higher oil reservoir. The production from this kind of reservoirs is usually accompanied with sand and is referred to as Cold Heavy Oil Production (CHOP). The two-phase flow of oil and dispersed gas bubbles is usually referred to as foamy oil flow. Smit3 appears to be the first researcher who provided an analysis to the anomalous behavior of the heavy oil reservoirs under solution gas drive using field data. The most common techniques used to produce the heavy oil from the underground formations are by using the thermal recovery processes.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
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