Wringing Rights out of the Mountains: Colorado's Centennial Constitution and the Ambivalent Promise of Human Rights and Social Equality
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
On February 28, 1861, United States Congress created Territory of Colorado. (1) As one of last states to be organized into a territory prior to Civil War, (2) Colorado's petition for statehood would play an instrumental role in bringing Civil War and its Reconstruction era of hostilities to a psychological end. (3) Recognizing 1876 national presidential election between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel Tilden would be close, national Republican leaders pushed through a proposal for Colorado statehood in 1875. (4) Critically, without Colorado's three electoral votes, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes may not have become President of United States. (5) Severely weakened by election controversy, Hayes and Republican leaders negotiated Compromise of 1877. (6) The Compromise, which removed remaining federal soldiers stationed in South, ensured promise of equal rights and legal protections found in recent amendments to Federal Constitution on behalf of nation's Southern black citizenry would be drastically restricted and largely ignored. (7) During this formidable period, Coloradans, like their national counterparts, were deeply divided along regional lines. In rural southern expanses of territory lived a Catholic, Spanish-speaking population, while Anglo migrants from states such as Illinois, Pennsylvania, and Missouri and countries of Canada, Ireland, and Germany settled in urban and increasingly industrial sectors in northern half of state. (8) The tone of this regional split was reflected in state's territorial jurisprudence. In 1868, for instance, Territorial Supreme Court of Colorado objected to use of Spanish in Territory's courtrooms. (9) According to court, the Spanish language ... is not to be tolerated in this country. (10) The court accordingly expressed shock that judicial proceedings should be in any other than adopted language of nation. (11) Mirroring some of detente of national sectional struggle and prominent role played by Colorado's Spanish-speaking citizenry in formation of its state constitution, (12) however, Colorado Supreme Court in 1879 limited holding of 1868 case solely to use of English in pleadings. (13) It should come as no surprise this same ambivalence about human rights concerns of its diverse citizenry would become embedded in both political construction and jurisprudential development of Colorado's Centennial Constitution. Accepted by voters of Colorado on July 1, 1876, (14) state constitution has expressed over time both boundless promise and deep discord of an age immensely concerned about individual freedom and social equity. The document's Article II contains most explicit declarations of basic equality guarantees held by state's citizenry. (15) Given constitution's creation in years after Civil War, it is notable Equal Protection Clause of Fourteenth Amendment and Fifteenth Amendment to Federal Constitution do not have a counterpart in state's text. Nonetheless, Colorado framers were animated by Populist demand for human rights. (16) The original 1876 Constitution thus includes freedom of elections, (17) equality of justice, (18) due process of law, (19) prohibition against slavery, (20) and property rights of aliens (21) guarantees. In addition, original constitution explicitly provided publication of laws be printed in Spanish and German (22) and right of suffrage could be extended by state legislature to women of lawful age. (23) Perhaps no issue was as contentious, or as representative of ambivalent meaning of social equity, than issue of women's suffrage. First advocated by Territorial Governor Edward McCook and his wife in 1870, (24) movement to extend suffrage to women in Colorado gained momentum after U. …
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,020 | 0,016 |
| Communication savante | 0,011 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,004 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,005 | 0,006 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,004 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».