Methanol Electro-Oxidation on Pt/C and Au @Pt/C Nanoparticles with Different Shapes.
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Nanostructured materials have application on different areas such as catalysis which in part is due to the physical properties gained for the nanometric scale. An important application of nanomaterials is as catalysts in fuel cells, for example, in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). Since methanol oxidation kinetics is slow Pt is used as catalyst, Pt is generally employed in nanometric size which improves the electrochemical active area and diminishes the amount of Pt employed, lowering the cost. It has been showed that CO (an intermediary generated during methanol oxidation reaction, MOR) adsorbed and poisons Pt surface [1, 2]. In this regard, many investigations have been focused in improving the catalytic activity of Pt nanoparticles, for example, by synthetizing bimetallic catalysts, alloys, core-shell structures, which allow diminishing the amount of Pt even more and promotes COads oxidation on Pt surfaces [3]. Another fact to take into account is that the surface planes of a nanoparticle are associated to its shape [4, 5], also the extend of an oxidation reaction (including methanol oxidation) depend on the crystallographic planes of the electrocatalyst [6]. In this work, three core-shell catalysts for MOR were prepared by using a colloidal method, core nanoparticles consist on Au NPs and Pt shell, additionally Ag+ was added as modifying agent of shape during synthesis. The amount of Ag+ was used to control the final form of core-shell NPs; all NPs were supported in carbon Vulcan XC-72R and evaluated with electrochemical techniques. Pt NPs with spherical shape were synthesized and electrochemically evaluated for comparison purposes. It was found that the activity of core-shell NPs depends on the amount of Ag+ employed during synthesis; the latter is also associated to the final form of the NP. The synthesized catalysts are listed on Table 1. From electrochemical results, it was found that the activity of catalysts is favored for MOR as follows Au@Pt2/C > Au@Pt3/C> Pt/C> Au@Pt1/C, the current response for MOR is affected by the presence of Au which modifies the surface properties of Pt atoms (shell). Additionally Ag+ concentration leads to preferential planes formation during synthesis, the best current response belongs to Au@Pt2/C, the high current is attributed to the presence of (110) planes, which are the most active for MOR. References Bock, C., B. MacDougall, and C.-L. Sun, Catalysis for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells, in Catalysis for Alternative Energy Generation, L. Guczi and A. Erdôhelyi, Editors. 2012, Springer New York: New York, NY. p. 369-412. Rodríguez, J. and O. Savadogo, Celdas de Combustible de Consumo Directo de Moléculas Orgánicas, in Celdas de combustible, F.J.S.O.H.E. Rodríguez, Editor. 2010: Canada. p. 93-123. Xia, X.H., et al., Structural effects and reactivity in methanol oxidation on polycrystalline and single crystal platinum. Electrochimica Acta, 1996. 41(5): p. 711-718. Niu, W. and G. Xu, Crystallographic control of noble metal nanocrystals. Nano Today, 2011. 6(3): p. 265-285. Yiliguma, Y. Tang, and G. Zheng, Colloidal nanocrystals for electrochemical reduction reactions. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2017. 485: p. 308-327. Xia, Y., et al., Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Metal Nanocrystals: Simple Chemistry Meets Complex Physics? Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2009. 48(1): p. 60-103. Figure 1
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».