Notice bibliographique
Résumé
In the children's poem The Ants at the Olympics by Richard Digance, ant athletes get no respect. According to the poem:`At last year's Jungle Olympics, the Ants were completely outclassed. In fact, from an entry of sixty-two teams, the Ants came their usual last...'The poor ants don't win any medals because they have to compete against the hippos in the shot put and the cheetahs in the sprints. Too bad there were no events such as `fastest predatory strike' or `highest acceleration of an appendage,' because trap-jaw ants would win gold every time.In a recent paper in Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, Sheila Patek and colleagues report the results of a biomechanical study of jaw-closing in trapjaw ants. They found that these ants use their jaws to carry out some truly remarkable and downright athletic feats.Trap jaw ants are known for their absurdly large jaws that they use in fast predatory attacks. Patek and colleagues wanted to investigate the jaw-closing event using an ultra-fast video camera, because previous attempts with slower cameras were unable to resolve the entire event. The team was also interested in documenting other lesser-known uses of the jaw-snapping such as fending off intruders and escaping predators.To do this, Patek and her coworkers carried out a series of experiments with a high speed video camera that could capture 5×104frames per second. This allowed them to describe the details of jaw closing,and investigate whether the ants used their explosive jaws to propel themselves and/or intruders, and if so, how.They found that the jaws close with an average velocity of 38.4 m s-1, which gives trap-jaw ants not only the gold medal, but also the world record for the fastest movement generated by any organism. Falcons can drop out of the sky at far greater speeds, but they have gravity on their side. Trap-jaws pull off their feat using only stored internal energy.Getting the mandibles up to 38.4 m s-1 in just 100 ns requires incredible acceleration, in this case, 105g, which is exceeded only by the discharge of cnidarian nematocysts. The researchers also calculated that closing jaws can exert 47 mN of force, or about 400 times their own body weight. While this kind of force is certainly adequate to incapacitate prey, it is also enough to launch an ant into the air if the force is directed against something massive.The researchers found that the ants indeed launched themselves in the air when confronted with potential threats, and they did so with two distinct behaviours - one they used to repel intruders (called a `bouncer defense'),and another that they used to escape predators (called an `escape jump'). The bouncer defense was instigated by firing the jaws against an intruder, which had the effect of sending it and the ant off in opposite directions. The escape jump was elicited by directing the jaws down at the ground, sending the ant flying in the air, and presumably out of harm's way.Watching the supplementary online videos for this paper is strangely entertaining. In slow motion, one gets to watch the ants launch themselves into the air, all the while spinning at the impressive speed of 63 rev s-1. It's enough to make an Olympic gymnast or figure skater jealous - until you see the landing.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».