SAGD Wind-Down: Lab Test and Simulation
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract As SAGD moving from pilot test to commercial operation, a number of areas need to be dealt with. These include diagnosing and solving operational problems and improving energy efficiency. One of the methods of improving energy efficiency is to prolong oil production after steam injection stops by using energy in place. The results of a laboratory experiment and corresponding numerical history matching are reported in this paper. The study showed that the hot chamber continued its expansion after steam injection was stopped and a gas injection was initiated. The continuous expending period represented the most productive period in the gas injection wind-down process. A total of 12.5% of OOIP was recovered during wind-down. Successful history matching of both oil production curve and temperature profiles at different times demonstrated that the numerical simulation could handle the gas/steam mixing phenomena. Gas concentration profile from numerical simulation indicated that gas was concentrated at the region where oil saturation was experiencing big changes. Introduction The successful tests of the SAGD process at UTF (1, 2) and other pilot projects (3, 4) have established SAGD as a viable technology for in situ recovery of the huge heavy oil and bitumen resources in western Canada. A number of commercial SAGD projects in Western Canada are in the operation, construction, or planning stages (5). However, the SAGD technology is still in the transition from pilot to commercial operation. The development of the technology is currently focusing on two areas. The first is to diagnose and solve operational problems. In field operations, many projects have encountered difficulties, such as lower than expected oil production rate, higher than expected steam-oil ratio (SOR), or premature production rate decline. In each case, the cause of the problem needs to be identified in order to develop methods to deal with the problem and avoid the problem in the future. The second area of SAGD development is to improve energy efficiency as the costs of fuel and associated water treatment account for a large portion of the oil production cost. These developments include hybrid processes using co-injection of steam and solvent (6, 7, 8), or steam and non-condensable gas (9). The hybrid processes take advantage of both heating by steam and dilution by solvent. The injection of non-condensable gas is intended to reduce heat loss to the overburden therefore improve SOR. With this idea in mind, efforts have been directed to developing SAGD wind-down methods. At a certain stage of SAGD operation, as instant SOR increases, there is no more economic benefit to continue pure steam injection. At this stage, a wind-down process can be started to utilize energy in place and to continue oil production. A numerical simulation and economic evaluation study (10) showed that a co-injection of steam and non-condensable gas gave the best result. Recently, the results of co-injection of steam with flue gas into UTF Phase B as a wind-down process was reported (11). The wind-down process performed better than expected.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,005 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».