Design Considerations for Lithium-Ion Battery Safety Used in Unique/Military Platforms
Pourquoi ce travail est dans la base
Une base qui oublie comment elle a trouvé un travail ne peut pas être vérifiée. Voici les voies qui ont admis celui-ci.
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
For current and future military and other unique applications, lithium-ion batteries (LIB) require several design considerations and improvements to meet safety requirements. An overview of the basic cell design for high power requirements and aspects of battery safety, such as, the nature of the combustion products are examined at Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC) using a special facility for controlled burning of items and chemical analysis of the smoke and ash. Also, to pass requirements for a military environment, important extreme physical abuse tests, which are not part of the UN procedure are conducted to understand battery safety and failure modes. For example, nail penetration tests are relevant to EV market as well, where vehicle collisions can occur and a severe internal short-circuit may be induced. There are two versions of the nail penetration test that are typically conducted (slow and fast). The slow test uses an electric motor to push the nail into the battery and the fast test uses a nail gun. In both tests the nail is left imbedded in the cells, imposing a severe short-circuit and examples will be shown. Historically for some tests, pouch cell designs do not appear to be as safe as metal cylinder cells. This is in part because that cell design allows air to enter the cells more readily. However, it has been observed that the fire produced by a pouch cell is less intense than the flames emitted from cylindrical cells when they vent. Thus, cell/battery designs have a significant impact on a large format lithium-ion battery safety test performance. Impact tests are highly relevant to many lithium-ion battery applications, especially for future large format battery designs. The data shows that, although a battery may have passed a certain series of tests, it does not necessarily mean that it is safe to physical abuse when in the fully-charged state. It is important to understand what testing was carried out and the condition of the battery. For example, one severe test is bullet penetration, which can have a range of results depending on the cell materials and state of charge. An example of such a test at the cell level is shown in the figure below for the bullet penetration of a 4.5 Ah lithium cobalt oxide pouch cell and a 2.3 Ah lithium iron phosphate spirally wound cell. Both are fully charged lithium-ion cells that did not catch fire when penetrated, with only some frothing of the electrolyte seen in the spirally wound cell. However, when multiple cells are placed in a battery pack it will be discussed that in most circumstances they behave more hazardously. A brief history of design failures observed will also be presented. Figure 1
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,003 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle