Use of Biodiesel as an Additive in Thermal Recovery of Heavy-Oil and Bitumen
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Bitumen extraction in oil sands-ore water slurry systems was studied using lipids and lipid derivatives as surfactants to promote the efficiency of bitumen recovery. In this study canola oil, tall oil fatty acids (TOFA) which are by-products of pulp mills using the bleached Kraft process, canola oil fatty acids methyl esters which are known as biodiesel (BD), and canola oil fatty acids monoglycerides were used as surfactant additives. Experimental findings suggest that BD, i.e., fatty acids methyl esters, a blend of fatty acids methyl esters, and fatty acids monoglycerides could also be used as surfactant additives to increase the efficiency of bitumen recovery in thermal in-situ processes such as steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) and cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) processes. Our experimental findings showed that the required dosage for the surfactant additives would be about 0.1 % of bitumen by mass. Also, interfacial tensions between bitumen and process water (?B,W) and BD and process water (ϒ B,W) were provided as supportive data for the applicability of the method proposed. This paper presents the initial observations. Experiments at high pressure conditions and the analysis of bitumen recovery and produced water chemistry are currently in progress. Background Oil sands deposits in northern Alberta, Canada contain about 142×109 cubic meter cube (m3) or 890×109 barrels of bitumen, which makes it one of the largest oil sands deposits in the world (AERCB, 1984). Four commercial plants are utilizing surface mineable oil sands deposits for bitumen production using oil-sands ore water slurry based extraction processes with total bitumen production capacity exceeding 106 barrels/day. Reduction of the surface and interfacial tensions play an important role in the efficiency of bitumen recovery in ore-water slurry systems (Moschopedis et al., 1977 and 1980; Speight and Moschopedis, 1977; Bowman, 1968; Baptista and Bowman, 1969), which are the basic reasons for the success of the Clark How Water Extraction (CHWE) process (Clark, 1939 and Clark and Pasternack, 1932). In the CHWE process, the solubility of naturally occurred asphaltic acids in bitumen which are partly aromatic, containing oxygen functional groups such as phenolic, carboxylic and sulphonic types are increased by the use of caustic NaOH, which act as surfactants reducing the surface and interfacial tensions. This process produces tailings with poor settling characteristics which result in the use of gypsum (CaSO4) as additive to alter its settling and consolidation properties. It is realized that the release water chemistry is harmed by the use of chemical additives in both extraction and tailings disposal processes (Allan, 2008 and 2008; Franklin et al. 2002). Novel extraction process aids, i.e. surfactant additives, have to replace the conventionally used additives, by which extraction efficiency would be improved without harming the fuel quality of bitumen, release water chemistry and geotechnical properties of the tailings. Our research was focused on the use of surfactants from external sources to eliminate the harmful effects of the additives used in the existing oil sands plants.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».