Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Sand production and foamy oil flow are the two key factors contributing to successes in cold flow production in Alberta and Saskatchewan. However, the two mechanisms have been studied and treated separately as geomechanics and multiphase flow problems, respectively. This paper describes special experiments that were designed to combine these two processes, and conducted to study their interaction. The experiments involved flow of heavy oil with no dissolved gas (dead oil) and heavy oil with dissolved gas (live oil) in natural, intact heavy oil sand cores. It was found that gas nucleation in heavy oil is the major factor in causing the initiation of sand production in oil sand. This finding is consistent with field observations. A mathematical framework for sand production in heavy oil reservoirs was developed based on the experiments' observations. This model includes the effects of geomechanics and gas exsolution phenomena such as strength of oil sand, stress distribution in the reservoir, solution gas diffusion, foamy oil gas, and fluid phase properties. Introduction Sand production and foamy oil flow are interrelated mechanisms in primary production (cold production) of heavy oil reservoirs in Alberta and Saskatchewan. Massive sand production could cause excessive deformation in oil sands and the overburden, resulting in detrimental effects on the wells and production facilities. However, sand control measures tend to reduce the oil production rate. Numerical studies(1–4) have been conducted to predict sand production in heavy oil reservoirs. However, limited experimental work has been performed to study the sand production in oil sand. Tremblay et al.(5, 6) used a computer tomography imaging technique to examine the sand production process in sandpack columns using dead oil injected at a constant rate. They observed that a channel-like cavity was developed and evolved under a critical flow pressure gradient. However, there is no reported experimental study on sand production using natural oil sand cores and live heavy oil. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of bitumen, oil sand interlocked structure, pressure gradient, and gas exsolution on the sand production near a perforation in a heavy oil reservoir. The first part of this paper describes the testing material, testing equipment, test details and results. The second part focuses on the interpretation and analysis of the test results and field observations, followed by conclusions. Details of the mathematical models used in the analysis of the test results are presented in the Appendix. Testing Material and Equipment The oil sand cores (Clearwater formation) for the experimental study presented in this paper were recovered at a depth of 424 m from an observation well (3-66-4-W4M) at a site near Cold Lake, Alberta. Core sampling was carried out using a conventional rotary core barrel of 89 mm inside diameter. Cores recovered were frozen at the site and kept inside PVC tubes in a freezer. Prior to any testing, the frozen cores were X-Rayed for sample selection. A high-pressure (70 MPa capability) stainless steel triaxial cell was used to conduct the sand production tests.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».