Writers Take Sides, Stalinists Take Control: The Second International Congress for the Defense of Culture (Spain 1937)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1. Translated literally, “I discovered that the revolution was the daughter of criticism and that the lack of criticism had killed the revolution,” Octavio Paz, “Prólogo,” Ideas y costumbres, 1. Obras completas, IX. Edicion del autor (Mexico City, 1995), 24.2. Pro‐Franco writers include, e.g., Pí Baroja, José María Pernán, Eugenio d'Ors, phalangist poet Dionisio Ridruejo, Catalan novelist Ignacio Agustí, best‐sehg novelist Ernesto Giménez Caballero, Manuel Machado, and poet and philosopher Miguel de Unamuno, who later publicly recanted his previous Nationalist stance; see Hipólito Escolar Sobrino, La cultura durante la guerra civil (Madrid, 1987), 237–40.3. See Manuel Tuñon de Lara, La España del siglo XX. De la Segunda República a la Guerra Civil (1931–1936) (Barcelona, 1978), 409–14.4. See Manuel Aznar Soler, II Congreso internacional de escritores antifascistas (1937), vol. 2, Pensamiento literario y compromiso antifacista de la inteligencia española republicana (Barcelona, 1978), 108–37; and David Caute, Communism and the French Intellectuals (1914–1960) (London, 1964), 112–36.5. Derek Kahn, Left Review 2 (1936–37): 484.6. Stephen Spender, World Within World (London, 1951), 238; see also Malcolm Cowley, “André Malraux handled the problem of getting delegates over the border,” in “!A Congress in Spain: A Report,”New Masses, 10 August 1937, 16.7. Mikhail Koltsov, Diario de la guerra de España, Ediciones Ruedo Ibérico (Paris, 1963), 429.8. Política, 2 July 1937, 4; Solidaridad Obrera. 2 July 1937, 3.9. See Luis Mario Schneider, II Congreso internacional de escritores antifascistas (1937), vol. 1, Inteligencia y guerra civil española (Barcelona, 19781, 53–54.10. See, e.g., Huguette Godin: “200 écrivain:, antifascistes de 26 pays se sont réunis à Paris,”Regards, 22 July 1937, 6–7.11. A partial list of participants includes Antonio Machado, José Bergamín, Rafael Alberti, Jacinto Benavente, Léon Felipe, Margarita Nelken, and María Teresa León of Spain. Hispano‐America was represented by César Vallejo (Peru); Carlos Pellicer, José Mancisidor, and Octavio Paz (Mexico); Pablo Neruda and Vicente Huidobro (Chili); and Alejo Carpentier, Nicolás Guillén, and Juan Marinello (Cuba). The French delegation consisted of André Malraux, Julien Benda, Claude Aveline, Léon Moussinac, André Chamson, and Tristan Tzara; U.K. delegates were W. H. Auden, Stephen Spender, Ralph Bates, Edgell Rickword, and Silvia Townsend Warner; and the Soviet contingent consisted of Ilya Ehrenburg, Mikhail Koltsov, and Alexis Tolstoï. Also in attendance were Ambroglio Donini (Italy); Louis Fischer, Malcolm Cowley, and Anna Louise Strong (U.S.); Nordahl Grieg (Norway); Ludwig Renn, Anna Seghers, Egon Erwin Kisch, and Leon Feuchhvanger (Germany); Denis Marion (Belgium); Martin Anderson Nexö (Denmark); and Jef Last (Holland). For the complete list of delegates, see Schneider, Inteligencia y guerra civil española 77–79.12. Solidaridad Obrera, 3 July 1937, 6; see also Schneider, Inteligencia y guerra civil española, 53–54.13. See André Chamson, Retour d'Espagne. Rien qu'un témoignage (Paris, Grasset, 1937), 41.14. Commune, September 1937, l.15. See Manuel Tuñon de Lara and María Carmen García‐Nieto, “La guerra civil,” in Hisroria de España, vol. 9, La crisis del estado: Dictadura, República, Guerra (1923–1939), 357–68; and Tunõn de Lara, La España del siglo XX. La Guerra Civil (1936–1939) (Barcelona, 1978).16. Quoted in El Pueblo (Valencia), 6 July 1936, 1–2.17. Quoted in Stephen Spender, “Spain Invites the World's Writers. Notes on the International Congress, Summer 1937,” in New Writing, no. 4, Autumn (London, 1937), 250.18. Ibid.19. Ilya Ehrenburg, Eve of War, 1933–1941, trans. Tatiana Shebunina, with Yvonne Kapp (London, 1963), 180.20. Spender, World Within World, 241.21. Gabriel Jackson, The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939 (Princeton, 1965), 394–95.22. Left Review, September 1937, 445–46, also reprinted in Schneider, Inteligencia y guerra civil española, 302–3; French trans. in Commune, August 1937, 1409–10.23. Stephen Koch. Double Lives: Spies and Writers in the Secret Soviet War of Ideas Against the West (New York), 1994, 266 and chap. 10. “The Spanish Strategeni.”24. Ibid. 281.25. Julián Gorkín, Les Communistes contre la révolution espagnole (Paris, 1978), 87.26. Commune, September 1937, 21.27. Left Review, September 193728. See “Liberté pour Victor Serge!,”La Réolution prolétarienne, 10 July 1935, 227–29.29. Victor Serge, Memoirs of a Revolutionary (1901–1941), trans. Peter Sedgwick (1951; reprint, Oxford, 1980), 317.30. –“French Writers and the People's Front: Louis Aragon Interviewed,” Left Review 1 (1936): 379–80.31. Ibid, 380.32. Commune, September 1937, 19.33. Spender, World Within World, 24134. André Gide. Retour de l'URSS (Paris, 1936).35. See Cahiers de la petite Dame (1929–1937) [Maria Van Rysselberghe], (Gide's lifelong companion), vol. 7, published as vol. 5 of the Cahiers André Gide (Paris, 1974).36. André Gide, Back from the U.S.S.R (London. 19371, trans. Dorothy Bussy, 71.37. Ibid., 62–63, 85.38. David Wingeate Pike, Les Français et la guerre d'Espagne 1936–1939 (Paris, 1975), 243.39. Sobrino, La cultura durante la guerra civil, 118.40. André Gide, Retouches à Mon Retour de l'URSS (Paris, 1937).41. Spender, World Within World, 240.42. L'Humannité, 17 July 1937, 8.43. Commune, August 1937, 1417; The same issue of the AFAR organ contains a lengthy repudiation of Gide's book by André Wurmser, “Retouches à son Retour de l'URRS ou propos d'un pharisien,” 1422–36.44. Cahiers de la petite dame, vol. 3, (1937–1945), 32, published as vol. 6 of the Cahiers André Gide (Paris, 1975). “[Malraux] d déjá marqué son attdchement à Gide en refusant de parler dans cette séance qui auivit le Congrés des Intellectuels en Espagne, et où Aragon et Bergamín dvaient attaqué Gide.”45. Gide. Back from the U.S.S.R, 71.46. Jorge Semprun, La deuxième mort de Ramon Mercader (Paris, 1969), 397–99.47. Ehrenburg, Eve of War, 1933–1941, 180.48. John Lehman, The Whispering Gallery: Autobiography, vol. 1 (London, 1955), 265–66.49. “Valencia 1937–1987,”Vuelta (Mexico City). July 1987, 15.50. Octavio Paz, “Prólogo,” in Ideas y costumbres, I. Obras completas, vol. 9, Edicion del autor (Mexico City, 1995), 24.

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