Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Most of Canada's trillion barrels of petroleum consists of bitumen, and to a lesser extent, heavy oil. This total may be compared with the total Canadian production of light-medium crude oil to date which is only 12 billion barrels. Mining is effective for the production of bitumen but is limited to the minor fraction of the resource that is shallow; also mining involves significant environmental difficulties. The challenges of efficient in situ production are like those for other petroleum production activities:to find and define suitable reservoirs,to create conditions for oil to flow at economic rates andto drain the reservoir systematically to obtain high recoveries. This paper discusses the following in terms of production rate, recovery, energy requirements and economic factors. Each topic is a step, sometimes a sideways step, in the search for a means for achieving high rates and recovery within the bounds of economic constraints.Cold production using vertical wells and horizontal wells.Stimulation by wellbore heating.Cyclic steaming using conventional wells.Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD).Steam and Gas Push (SAGP).Cyclic Steaming with horizontal wells.Vapour Extraction (Vapex). Processes resulting in the displacement of oil by gas to a lower horizontal well show the most promise. The viscosity in the region around the horizontal well should be reduced to allow economic rates without gas coning. In SAGD, injected steam heats the oil and fills the reservoir as it drains, and rates of 500-1000 B/d can be achieved with bitumen recoveries greater than 50 %.. Heat savings can be achieved by building a substantial gas concentration within the depleted region (SAGP). In Vapex, viscosity reduction is obtained by dilution with a volatile solvent; this is a promising approach for lower viscosity heavy oils. Another promising approach is cyclic steaming with horizontal wells combined with gas addition to the steam to maintain drive. Introduction As conventional oil reserves become depleted, interest continues to grow in the improved recovery and utilization of Canadian tar sands and heavy oil. The resources are enormous in magnitude and there have been great strides in technology. One approach, the mining and upgrading of shallow Athabasca deposits has, with the success of the Suncor and Syncrude projects, already become a major source of Canadian oil. Major expansions to both of these projects as well as other new tar sand mining projects are underway. While mining overcomes the problem of moving the oil to the surface and of obtaining high recoveries, it requires the handling and disposal of vast amounts of solids and sludge and it is only economic for the shallowest of deposits. The major part of the Canadian oil sand resource is too deeply buried for mining to be practical. This paper is concerned with the recovery of bitumen and heavy oils by in situ methods, i.e., by means of wells drilled from the surface. Cold production with conventional, near-vertical wells is only practical with oils of relatively low viscosity if reasonable production rates are to be obtained.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».