Trade and Rivalry: The Promise of Expansion and Innovation during the 1630s
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
In 1629 Sir George Calvert, first Lord Baltimore, visited Jamestown seeking a new refuge for a Catholic colony. A former Secretary of State under James I, Calvert resigned office following his conversion to Catholicism. During the early 1620s he established a small outpost on Newfoundland, where he settled with his wife and family in 1628. Defeated by the ‘sadd face of wynter’, he sought an alternative location in Chesapeake Bay. Robert Beverley subsequently noted that the settlers ‘looked upon him with an evil Eye, on account of his Religion’. Despite the hostile reception, on his return to England he secured royal approval for the creation of another colony in the Bay, named Maryland, in honour of Charles I's French wife, Henrietta Maria. Although Calvert died in April 1632, shortly before the charter for the settlement passed under the royal seal, his son Cecil, second Lord Baltimore, proceeded with the venture. By this ‘unhappy Accident’, bemoaned Beverley, a ‘Country which Nature had so well contriv’d for one, became Two separate Governments’. The establishment of Maryland transformed an emerging colonial world. It divided the Bay into rival colonies and competing interethnic trading associations and networks. At the same time the new colony threatened the prospect of colonial expansion in Virginia. Consequently, during the 1630s the Bay became a bitterly contested arena, where religious animosity inflamed the competition over trade and territory. The focal point for much of this rivalry was Kent Island, settled as a satellite of Virginia, but which after 1634 lay within the bounds of Maryland. Claiborne's ambitions to combine trade and plantation in the upper Bay were mirrored by those of the Maryland adventurers along the Potomac. Innovative schemes to develop the transatlantic trade in beaver skins thus occurred under challenging and competitive conditions. Colonial and native rivalries, which spilled over into Delaware Bay, fuelled commercial expansion, but from the outset there was a danger that these duelling ventures would frustrate the aims and ambitions of the other. The Kent Island joint stock from 1631 to 1634 Although studied from various perspectives, the Kent Island partnership has yet to be recognized as one of the most ambitious and novel fur trading ventures established by the English prior to the formation of the Hudson's Bay Company in 1670.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,012 | 0,017 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,013 | 0,044 |
| Communication savante | 0,025 | 0,025 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,012 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,016 | 0,010 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,010 | 0,002 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».