Characterizing Liquid Water Distribution in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Using Operando 2D and 3D X-Ray Imaging
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The potential to reduce the cost of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (PEFCs) through high power density operation is limited by the attending water management challenges at such operating conditions [1]. Addressing PEFC water management requires detailed understanding of liquid water distribution characteristics of an operating fuel cell, to refine the design of membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) for improved performance. Recent advances in X-ray operando imaging [2, 3] and custom hardware development [4], have enabled the visualization of liquid water in an operating PEFC, through the analysis of water phase segmented 3-dimensional (3D) images [2, 3] and 2-dimensional (2D) radiographs [5]. 2D image datasets may be acquired in a shorter time than 3D tomographic datasets but only provide grayscale information averaged through the thickness of the sample. 3D image datasets obtained from a reconstruction of many angular radiographs yield a 3D representation of the sample in addition to the grayscale information but take a long collection time. However, time dependent liquid water distribution characteristics such as channel water breakthrough, observable in the 2D image datasets, tend to be elusive to 3D imaging methods. Although efforts have been made to reduce the image acquisition time for 3D X-ray imaging by using Synchrotron sources and improved image processing techniques [2], these efforts tend to compromise image quality and are restricted to a brief temporal snapshot of liquid water distribution. Also, the brightness of the Synchrotron sources necessitates short exposure duration tests due to the likelihood of cell degradation caused by the sample’s exposure to radiation [4]. Given the unique capabilities of 2D and 3D imaging modes, we therefore focus on combining information accessible in both modes to further the understanding of PEFC liquid water distribution. In this work, an improved understanding of liquid water distribution in the PEFC is presented by integrating operando 2D and 3D image datasets acquired under the same cell operating conditions and using laboratory scale X-ray computed tomography (XCT) equipment which was interfaced with fuel cell testing and diagnostic tools. Analysis of 3D image datasets is extended beyond binary information to include the grayscale value (GSV) of liquid water to reveal a change in the through-plane values. These results, when combined with observed 2D liquid water breakthrough characteristics suggest that the change in GSV is indicative of the differences in the intermittency of liquid water presence in the different regions of the GDL; see Figure 1. These results therefore present a more complete interpretation of PEFC operando liquid water distribution, highlighting distinct characteristics from the microporous (MPL) region to the GDL-land interface. Unique findings and insight obtained using this methodology will be discussed. Acknowledgments Funding for this research was provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Ballard Power Systems, Canada Foundation for Innovation, British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund, Western Economic Diversification Canada, and Canada Research Chairs. References Jiao and X. Li, Progress in energy and combustion Science, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 221–291, 2011. Xu, S. Nagashima, H. P. Nguyen, K. Kishita, F. Marone, F. N. Büchi, and J. Eller, Journal of Power Sources, vol. 490, p. 229492, 2021. Nagai, J. Eller, T. Hatanaka, S. Yamaguchi, S. Kato, A. Kato, F. Marone, H. Xu, and F. N. Büchi, Journal of Power Sources, vol. 435, p. 226809, 2019. T. White, F. P. Orfino, M. El Hannach, O. Luo, M. Dutta, A. P. Young, and E. Kjeang, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 163, no. 13, pp. F1337–F1343, 2016. R. Banerjee, N. Ge, J. Lee, M. G. George, S. Chevalier, H. Liu, P. Shrestha, D. Muirhead, and A. Bazylak, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 164, no. 2, p. F154, 2017. Figure 1
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».