“Child rescue at home, overseas migration within the empire”: the Child Emigration Society during the interwar period, 1918–39
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Introduction I saw a street in the east end of London. It was a street crowded with children – dirty children, yet lovable, exhausted with the heat. No decent air, not enough food. The waste of it all! Children's lives wasting while the Empire cried aloud for men […]. (Fairbridge, 1974, p. 159) These are the impressions made on Kingsley Fairbridge (born in 1885) during his first journey to England in 1903. Having grown up in South Africa, he was shocked by the living conditions of the poor that he encountered in England. He also became aware of the many destitute children in the streets there, who were condemned to a life in the workhouse (Sherington and Jeffery, 1998, p. 15). Following his return home, later in 1903, the solution to the problem occurred to him: I saw great Colleges of Agriculture (not workhouses) springing up in every man-hungry corner of the Empire. I saw little children shredding the bondage of bitter circumstances. […] I saw waste turned to providence, the waste of unneeded humanity converted to the husbandry of unemployed acres. (Fairbridge, 1974, p. 159) Fairbridge would spend the rest of his life making this “vision” become reality by setting up the Child Emigration Society (CES) and a farm school in Australia in 1912, where formerly destitute British children grew up and were trained to become farmers on the land. After Fairbridge's death in 1924, his work was continued by the CES and by his wife, and the farm school scheme expanded as additional farm schools in Australia, Canada, and Rhodesia were opened in the mid-1930s. The CES selected mostly orphaned and destitute children in Britain for emigration to one of its farm schools. After their arrival, the children would live at the farm school where they would be trained to become farmers on the land on which, later on, as adults, they would become farmers themselves. They would thus be accustomed from the beginning to the special conditions of the country in which they would farm (Hill, 2007). The (British) children lived in little cottage homes, each shared by 12 children (Bean and Melville, 1989, p. 81), supervised by a matron (Arthur Lawley, in CES 1922/1923, p. 8).
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,004 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».