Notice bibliographique
Résumé
<strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor">Abstract.</strong> A novel technique has been developed to measure sulfur dioxide (SO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>) using a modification of the existing electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) ozonesonde technology. The current sonde-based method to measure SO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> (i.e., the dual-sonde approach) involves launching two ozonesondes together, with one of the sondes having a filter to remove SO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> at the inlet. The SO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> profile is determined by taking the difference between the measurements from the two instruments. The dual-sonde method works well in typical tropospheric conditions when <span class="inline-formula">[O<sub>3</sub>]>[SO<sub>2</sub>]</span> but saturates when <span class="inline-formula">[SO<sub>2</sub>]>[O<sub>3</sub>]</span> and has large uncertainties in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere that would limit its effectiveness in measuring SO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> from an explosive volcanic eruption. Due to these limitations, several modifications were made to create a single-sonde system that would directly measure SO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> (i.e., the SO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> sonde). These modifications included (1) a positively biased ECC current, (2) the addition of an O<span class="inline-formula"><sub>3</sub></span> removal filter, and (3) the addition of a sample dryer. The SO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> sonde measures SO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> as a reduction in the cell current. There was a strong correlation (<span class="inline-formula"><i>r</i><sup>2</sup>>0.94</span>) between the SO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> sonde and a Thermo 43<span class="inline-formula"><i>c</i></span> analyzer during controlled laboratory tests and pre-flight tests. Varying humidity levels affected the SO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> sonde's sensitivity (avgâ<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M17" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>=</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">84.6</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">31.7</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="66pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="5cba66665eac0fd201aad0189738d8ad"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-15-4373-2022-ie00001.svg" width="66pt" height="10pt" src="amt-15-4373-2022-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>â<span class="inline-formula">ppbvâµA<sup>â1</sup></span>, 1<span class="inline-formula"><i>Ï</i></span> RSDâ<span class="inline-formula">=37</span>â%) during initial field tests, which was resolved by adding a sample dryer upstream of the O<span class="inline-formula"><sub>3</sub></span> removal filter and pump inlet. This modification significantly reduced the variability and increased the sensitivity of the SO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> measurements (avgâ<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M23" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>=</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">47</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">5.8</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="51pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="b34d07d0be39310766f1f9a17d57fe7b"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-15-4373-2022-ie00002.svg" width="51pt" height="10pt" src="amt-15-4373-2022-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>â<span class="inline-formula">ppbvâµA<sup>â1</sup></span>, 1<span class="inline-formula"><i>Ï</i></span> RSDâ<span class="inline-formula">=12</span>â%). Field tests included measurements near KÄ«lauea volcano (before and during the 2018 eruption of the Lower East Rift Zone), Costa Rica's Turrialba volcano, and anthropogenic plumes from the Athabasca oil sands region of Alberta, Canada. This single-SO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>-sonde system is an effective, inexpensive instrument for measuring both ground-based and vertical profiles of SO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> from anthropogenic and natural sources (i.e., volcanic eruptions) over a wide range of concentrations.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,127 | 0,003 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; les deux têtes enseignantes s’accordent sur ce qui est montré ici.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».