Notice bibliographique
Résumé
There are a number of multilateral development banks (MDBs) in the world. The World Bank is a global MDB, while the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), the African Development Bank (AfDB), and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) are major regional MDBs (see Table 2.1). 1 These MDBs typically have two groups of members: one group includes developing countries that need external official financing for their economic development and, hence, are potential borrowers from the MDBs; another group consists of developed countries that have the capacity to finance the development needs of the former group and, hence, are potential creditors. Table 2.1 Organization of multilateral development banks (as of December 2001) https://www.niso.org/standards/z39-96/ns/oasis-exchange/table"> Organization World Bank Group Asian Development Bank Inter-American Development Bank Group African Development Bank European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Reference: IMF IBRD IDA IFC MIGA OCR ADF IDB IIC AfDB AfDF OC FSO MIF Year Established Dec. 1945 Sept. 1960 July 1956 April 1988 Aug. 1966 June 1974 Dec. 1959 Dec. 1959 Jan. 1993 Mar. 1986 Sep. 1964 June 1973 April 1991 Dec. 1945 Head Office Washington, DC (USA) Manila (Philippines) Washington, DC (USA) Abidjan (Cote d’Ivoire) London (UK) Washington, DC Objectives Sustainable economic development and poverty reduction through concessional loans and technical assistance (TA). Economic development through investment and loans to the private sector. Promoting private FDI through guarantees against noncommercial risks. Poverty reduction with focus on sustainable economic development, social development and good governance through loans and technical assistance. Economic and social developments of central and south American countries through concessional loans. Promoting private investment through assistance to small sized firms. Economic development through investment and loans to private SMEs. Economic development and social progress of African member countries through loans. Economic transition of the central and eastern European countries through loans, investment, guarantees and TA to private firms and privatizing SOEs. Monetary cooperation, exchange rate stability, ST financing for BOP imbalances. Membership Number 183 162 175 155 60 46 28 38 77 26 plus AfDB 60 plus EC and EIB 183 Eligibility IMF members IBRD members ESCAP members and non-regional developed UN members IOA members, and non-regional IMF members Capital (million) $189,505 SDR 8,647 $2,450 $1,957 $43,834 $19,963 $100,959 $9,480 $1,231 $704 $28,495 $14,231 EUR 20,000 SDR 213,700 Shareholders (%) USA 16.9 20.9 24.1 16.5 15.9 16.7 30.0 50.8 40.6 25.8 6.9 12.2 10.0 17.4 Japan 8.1 18.7 6.0 6.8 15.9 37.6 5.0 5.6 40.6 3.5 5.7 14.2 8.5 6.2 Germany 4.6 11.0 5.5 3.8 4.4 6.5 1.9 2.4 2.4 2.0 4.3 10.0 8.5 6.1 England 4.4 7.3 5.1 4.6 2.1 4.3 1.0 1.8 – – 1.8 3.6 8.5 5.0 France 4.4 7.3 5.1 5.1 2.4 4.8 1.9 2.2 1.2 3.2 4.8 2.8 8.5 5.0 Canada 5.3 7.1 4.0 3.1 Loans Annual (million) $10,487 $6,764 $5,357 $2,000 $3,977 $1,362 $7,411 $443 – $128 $1,099 $1,472 EUR 3,656 SDR 7,680 Outstanding (m) $118,866 $86,572 $10,909 $5,179 $28,659 $14,832 $44,951 $6,637 – $381 $8,554 $7,602 EUR 6,327 SDR 50,300 Terms of Lending Interest Rate LIBOR + 75-80 bp zero Market rate LIBOR + 60 bp 1.0% (grace period)/1.5% 6.38% 1-2% Market rate 7.16% zero LIBOR + - SBA, EFF: 50-600 bp 3.07% - PRGF: 0.5% – SBA, EFF: 3–10 PRGF: 10 (5.5) Maturity (years) 15-25 LLDC & IDA-only: 40 Others: 35 8-12 Within 15 15-30 24 or 32 15-30 25-40 Case by case 5-12 20 50 5-15 (grace period) (3-5) (10) (20) (3-7) (8) (4-5) (5-10) (5) (Max 5) (10) Service Charge – 0.75% – 0.50-1.25% 0.75% Commitment fee 0.75-0.85% – 0.50-1.00% 0.75% 0.75% 0.5% 0.50-1.00% 1.00% No. Professionals 3,436 825 65 749 1,243 53 587 613 1,799 Source: Ministry of Finance, Japan.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,003 | 0,006 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; les deux têtes enseignantes s’accordent sur ce qui est montré ici.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».