World Experience оf Territorial Communities Infrastructure Development
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract. Introduction. The article is aimed at defining the essence of infrastructure and infrastructure components of territorial communities. Research of world experience in the development of infrastructure of territorial communities, namely some of its components. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the world experience of infrastructure development of territorial communities Results. It is established that the production infrastructure of the territorial community consists of transport, information, environmental and recreational components. Social infrastructure consists of housing and communal services and the educational component, medical and social and cultural support. It is determined that the development of infrastructure depends on the specifics of industries and communities and is carried out in accordance with changes in the production sphere. A review of the Polish experience in the development of the transport component of the production infrastructure of territorial communities. It is proved that after joining the European Union, Poland's funding opportunities have significantly improved, in particular, the largest share in the structure of financial support from the EU fell on transport infrastructure, namely the construction of roads. It has been established that stable incomes that allow Poland to plan and implement infrastructure projects of territorial communities are local incomes, real estate tax and land tax on which a private house or apartment building stands. It is investigated that the peculiarity of Estonia's experience in the development of the educational component of the social infrastructure of territorial communities is its financing, which is carried out from the state budget, and not the educational costs are covered by the local budget. Examining the experience of the development of the environmental component, the experience of Canada and the EU countries was considered. Conclusions. The basis for the formation of territorial communities is certainly high-quality infrastructure, in particular, the availability of quality roads, water supply network, education, ecology, etc. In modern conditions, local self-government uses a new approach to management as the community understands what to spend money on. In particular, the community leadership is accountable to the people who live there. Therefore, the funds are primarily spent on improving living conditions in the community. The study of world experience has shown the feasibility of transferring management levers from the state to the regional and municipal levels. Thus, the expansion of the powers of local governments will enable communities to solve their problems regarding the development of infrastructure. In addition, taking into account foreign experience will help intensify the investment process by directing part of the proceeds, taxes and fees to the development of infrastructure of local communities. The article mentions only the experience of developing some components of the infrastructure of territorial communities. Therefore, it seems appropriate to further study the world experience of development of other components of the infrastructure of territorial communities and develop on this basis measures to adapt it to domestic territorial communities.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,003 | 0,004 |
| Communication savante | 0,004 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,005 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,007 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».