Experiences of familial stigma among individuals living with mental illnesses: A meta‐synthesis of qualitative literature from high‐income countries

WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Mental illness stigma has been long acknowledged as a social problem that continues to persist and contribute to social exclusion of affected persons globally. Researchers have explored mental illness stigma in the general public and among health professionals, with little focus on stigma from family members and close relatives of persons with mental illnesses. WHAT THE PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: This study appears to be the first meta-synthesis of familial mental illness stigma in high-income countries. Family members or close relatives of persons with mental illnesses may be perpetrators of stigma. That is, the family may enact stigma of mental illness against their relative to "save face" or by avoiding or narrowing their social contacts. Familial stigma is harmful due to the likely disaffection it brings within one's home environment. Familial mental stigma from the existing literature seems to be a by-product of public stigma and stigma by association WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: Further research is necessary to look at the existence of familial mental illness stigma as well as available policies to reduce its impact on affected individuals in high-income countries. Researchers in high-income countries should endeavour to examine the relationship between familial, public and associative stigma to establish baseline metrics to inform future anti-stigma programs seeking to reduce familial mental illness stigma. ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Familial mental illness stigma is a pervasive issue but very subtle in high-income countries. Familial mental illness stigma implies persons living with mental illnesses are discriminated against by their family members or close relatives. AIM/QUESTION: This meta-synthesis explored the experiences of familial stigma among individuals living with mental illnesses in high-income countries, focusing on empirical literature, to understand the breadth of current literature and ways to reduce this form of stigma. METHOD: We conducted a meta-synthesis through a structured search of qualitative data from six electronic databases (Sociological Abstract, CINAHL, Medline, PsycINFO, Google Scholar and Embase). Inclusion criteria comprised: empirical primary research, primary technique for data collection is qualitative, studies published in a peer-reviewed journal in the English language between 2000 and 2020, studies reported on experiences of familial mental illness stigma, and studies conducted in high-income countries. The exclusion criteria were as follows: all grey literature, studies not written in English and non-peer-reviewed, studies not focused on familial mental illness stigma, quantitative peer-reviewed articles on the related concept and peer-reviewed articles on the related topic before the year 2000. RESULTS: The study identified only 28 peer-reviewed articles on the topic within two decades. Concealment of familial stigma was found to be detrimental due to the potential for alienation within one's home environment. Disclosure and social contact within the family system were considered as critical interventions to provide some safety nets for individuals with mental illnesses. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The paucity of studies over the review period highlights the need for further attention to support optimal environments for persons living with mental illnesses. Families' understanding of the difficulties of mental illness stigma is vital to supporting the development of policies and interventions towards the avoidance of social exclusion within societies. Families should make concerted efforts to reduce stigma, and this includes within the family system. Education and training approaches around mental illness-related stigma should involve individuals with lived experience and their families, as well as service providers and the general public.

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