The Cost of the Gluten-Free Diet: Household Food Expenditures in Families With a Child or Adolescent With Celiac Disease
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract BACKGROUND: Celiac disease (CD) is a digestive disease that is caused by an immune reaction to the protein gluten. The gluten free diet (GFD) is the only treatment for CD. In 2012, the sale of GF processed foods reached up to $460million in Canada; an increase in 25% since 2008. Despite being the fastest growing food intolerance category in Canada, GFD consumers face challenges from various voluntary GF-labelling schemes and limited retail and food-service product options. OBJECTIVES: To estimate GF-food expenditure patterns for affected families with children or adolescents with CD to identify the cost burden of following a GFD and compared against non-GFD Canadian families. DESIGN/METHODS: A pilot study was conducted in families with a child with biopsy proven CD following the GFD (n=15; 10±3 years) and attending a GI/CD clinic. Family Socio-demographics (age of parents, number of children/number of members following GFD in households) and the receipts of food purchases over a one-month period were obtained from parents/caregivers. The cost of GFD was analyzed as “actual food costs on related receipts” and determined as total GFD cost (per household/per child with CD) basis. The result of this study was compared against average incomes and food expenditures of Canadian households as reported by Statistic Canada in 2013. RESULTS: The mean age of the parents of child with CD was (44±5 years) and the mean number of children in households was 2.0±0.6. The average duration of following GFD was 4±2 years (age at diagnosis 6±2 years). The median income for Canadian family and for family with children with CD was C$ 84,000/year and C$ 100,000/year, respectively. The average food expenditure was C$ 842/month for the average Canadian household with children vs C$ 1105±393/month for comparable Canadian households affected by CD. The amount of money spent on GF packaged foods was C$ 145±100/month. The average food expenditure of GF food and gluten containing food was C$112±72/child/month (+GF) and C$ 29±14/house-hold member/month (-GF), respectively. CONCLUSION: Total food expenditures in families with a child/adolescent with CD are higher than the Canadian averages. This has implications on economic access and adherence to GFD in children/adolescents with CD. CD and proper dietary adherence to GFD guidelines poses significant economic burdens on affected families. These results and unanswered questions of economic access, affordability and quality of life hold several Canadian policy implications.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».