Lord Hankey, 1877–1963 and R.A. Butler, 1902–1982 and the ‘Appeasement of Japan, 1939–1941 Foreign Secretary (Butler), 1963–64
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
INTRODUCTION IN October 1950 a group of individuals in Britain sent a letter to the American Parole Board in Japan calling for the early release of the former Japanese ambassador to Britain, Shigemitsu Mamoru, who had recently been sentenced to seven years imprisonment by the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal. Among the signatories of this letter were those who might be termed the ‘usual suspects’ among British Japanophiles, such as Lord Sempill, Sir Robert Craigie and Major-General F.S.G. Piggott, in other words the various pillars of the post-war Japan Society. However, the man most responsible for organizing the letter, Lord Hankey, and another of the signatories, R.A. Butler, might seem more surprising names to conjure with, for both were prominent political figures who had been members of Churchill's wartime Cabinet. Why should they have risked their reputations in arguing the case for a man who had been found guilty of failing to do all he could to control the excesses of the Imperial Japanese Army? The answer lies in the period between 1939 and 1941 when Hankey and Butler were two of the most senior figures in the government arguing for a policy of reconciliation with Japan and were in regular contact with Shigemitsu, who they believed to be a sincere partner for peace. R.A. BUTLER AT THE FOREIGN OFFICE The more important of the two in shaping policy in these years was Richard Austen Butler, who in February 1938 was appointed the parliamentary under-secretary for foreign affairs. This was a consider able achievement for the still young politician, because as the foreign secretary was Lord Halifax, Butler had the responsibility for handling foreign affairs in the House of Commons. Butler stayed in this post for the next three and a half years until in July 1941 Churchill made him the secretary of state for education. In retrospect, these were controversial years in his political life for, under the premiership of Neville Chamberlain, Butler was an ardent supporter of the appeasement of Germany and later in the summer of 1940, after Churchill's accession, was involved in a damaging dalliance with defeatism. It is in the context of his interest in appeasing Britain's enemies that one has to analyse Butler's efforts to tilt the Foreign Office towards a more accommodating policy regarding Japan.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,003 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,005 | 0,003 |
| Communication savante | 0,003 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,020 | 0,005 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».