Prelims

Citation (2022), "Prelims", Attard, M. and Mulley, C. (Ed.) Transport and Pandemic Experiences (Transport and Sustainability, Vol. 17), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. i-xxiii. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2044-994120220000017019 Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited Copyright © 2022 Maria Attard and Corinne Mulley Half Title Page TRANSPORT AND PANDEMIC EXPERIENCES Series Page TRANSPORT AND SUSTAINABILITY Series Editors: Stephen Ison, Jon Shaw and Maria Attard Recent Volumes: Volume 1: Cycling and Sustainability Volume 2: Transport and Climate Change Volume 3: Sustainable Transport for Chinese Cities Volume 4: Sustainable Aviation Futures Volume 5: Parking: Issues and Policies Volume 6: Sustainable Logistics Volume 7: Sustainable Urban Transport Volume 8: Paratransit: Shaping the Flexible Transport Future Volume 9: Walking: Connecting Sustainable Transport with Health Volume 10: Transport, Travel and Later Life Volume 11: Safe Mobility: Challenges, Methodology and Solutions Volume 12: Urban Mobility and Social Equity in Latin America: Evidence, Concepts, Methods Volume 13: Sustainable Transport and Tourism Destinations Volume 14: Sustainable Railway Engineering and Operations Volume 15: Electrifying Mobility: Realising a Sustainable Future for the Car Volume 16: Women, Work and Transport Editorial Page EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Lucy Budd, De Montfort University, UK Michela Le Pira, University of Catania, Italy Becky Loo, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Corinne Mulley, University of Sydney, Australia John Nelson, University of Sydney, Australia Joachim Scheiner, Technical University of Dortmund, Germany Title Page TRANSPORT AND SUSTAINABILITY - VOLUME 17 TRANSPORT AND PANDEMIC EXPERIENCES EDITED BY MARIA ATTARD University of Malta, Malta and CORINNE MULLEY University of Sydney, Australia United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China Copyright Page Emerald Publishing Limited Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK First edition 2022 Editorial matter and selection © 2022 Maria Attard and Corinne Mulley. Published under exclusive licence.Individual chapters © 2022 Emerald Publishing Limited. Reprints and permissions service Contact: permissions@emeraldinsight.com No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by The Copyright Licensing Agency and in the USA by The Copyright Clearance centre. Any opinions expressed in the chapters are those of the authors. Whilst Emerald makes every effort to ensure the quality and accuracy of its content, Emerald makes no representation implied or otherwise, as to the chapters’ suitability and application and disclaims any warranties, express or implied, to their use. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-80117-345-2 (Print) ISBN: 978-1-80117-344-5 (Online) ISBN: 978-1-80117-346-9 (Epub) ISSN: 2044-9941 (Series) Contents List of Figures and Tables xi About the Contributors xv Acknowledgements xxiii PART 1: INTRODUCTION Chapter 1: Transport and Pandemic Experiences: An Introduction Maria Attard and Corinne Mulley 3 Chapter 2: How Do Transportation Policies Drive Geographic Disparities in COVID-19 Infections and Deaths in the United States? Hossein Zare, Benjo Delarmente and Darrell J. Gaskin 15 Chapter 3: The Dilemma of Transport Policy Making and the COVID-19 Accelerator Kay W. Axhausen 39 PART 2: TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR IN DIFFERENT SETTINGS Chapter 4: North American Transportation During COVID-19: What Really Changed? Matthew Palm 55 Chapter 5: Changes in Travel Behaviour in Europe Veronique Van Acker 77 Chapter 6: Cities Under Lockdown: Mobility and Access Inequalities Stemming from COVID-19 in Urban Colombia Daniel Oviedo, Luis A. Guzman, Julian Arellana, Orlando Sabogal-Cardona, Carlos Moncada and Lynn Scholl 107 Chapter 7: Pandemic Response and (Im)mobilities in the Asia-Pacific Matthew Burke, Yiping Yan, Benjamin Kaufman and Pan Haixiao 127 Chapter 8: Logistics and Supply Chain Around the World Jyotirmoyee Bhattacharjya, Sonali Tripathi, Arda Gezdur, Catherine Sutton-Brady and Michael Bell 149 PART 3: INITIATIVES AND POLICIES ACROSS THE WORLD Chapter 9: Development of Active Travel Initiatives in Cities Romeo Danielis and Mariangela Scorrano 165 Chapter 10: Policies for Public Transport John D. Nelson, Geoffrey Clifton and Miguel Loyola 185 Chapter 11: Development of Policies for Ridesourcing and Taxis Matthew W. Daus Esq. 203 Chapter 12: Development of Global Policies for the Air Transport Industry 221 Lucy Budd and Stephen Ison Chapter 13: Reducing Congestion and Crowding with Working from Home David A. Hensher, Matthew J. Beck, John D. Nelson and Camila Balbontin 235 Chapter 14: Pandemic Lasting Effects on Freight Networks: Challenges and Directions from Cities and Industry Sandra Melo and Lurdes de Jesus Ferreira 257 PART 4: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE Chapter 15: Impacts on Travel and Tourism Luca Zamparini 273 Chapter 16: Impact on Public Transport Erik Jenelius 287 Chapter 17: Impacts on Health Jennifer L. Kent and Melanie Crane 303 Index 323 List of Figures and Tables Figures Fig. 2.1. Survival Curves of First COVID-19 Case and First COVID-19 Death Relative to the Distance to Major Airports. 24 Fig. 2.2. Survival Curves of First COVID-19 Case and First COVID-19 Death Relative to the Volume of the Airports. 25 Fig. 3.1. Proportion of Mobile Persons Until the Beginning of November 2021. 43 Fig. 3.2. PKm and Weekly Modal Shares Since Autumn 2019. 44 Fig. 3.3. Weekly Modal Shares of Walking and Cycling Since Autumn 2019. 45 Fig. 3.4. Share of Employed Persons WFH in Switzerland Since 2001. 46 Fig. 3.5. PKm Travelled by Work Location. 46 Fig. 4.1. The Most Important Destinations Reached by Torontonians and Vancouverites by Transit in May 2020. 59 Fig. 4.2. Quarterly Transit Ridership by Mode, Relative to Q1 of 2019, from Dickens (2021). 60 Fig. 4.3. Statistics from Various Surveys on Anticipated Changes in Transit Use. 61 Fig. 4.4 (a) US and Canadian Vehicle Sales from BTS and Statistics Canada. (b) Estimates of Number of Households by Number of Vehicles from the American Community Survey. (c) Change in Number of Adults Versus Number of Cars, US American Community Survey. 63 Fig. 4.5 (a) Vehicle Sales During the Pandemic in the United States (Federal Reserve Board of New York). (b) New Vehicle Registrations Relative to 2019 Canada (Statistics Canada). 65 Fig. 5.1. Different Steps of the Literature Review Process. 81 Fig. 6.1. LCA Model Components. 113 Fig. 6.2. Share of Respondents Teleworking by Income Group (Above) and Shopping by Income Groups During the Lockdown (Below). 116 Fig. 6.3. Agreement with Policies Implemented by Income Groups (Above) and Economic Impact by Income Group (Below). 118 Fig. 6.4. Transport Modes Before (Above) and During (Below) the Lockdown by Clusters Identified in the LCA Model. 121 Fig. 6.5. Distribution of Time for Shopping (a), Leisure (b) and Domestic Tasks (c), and Satisfaction with Overall Distribution (d). 122 Fig. 7.1. Percentage Change in Domestic and International Flight Numbers Versus Confirmed Cases of COVID-19, China, January–August 2020. 138 Fig. 7.2. Congestion Index Level for 2018–2020 for 16 Cities Asia-Pacific Cities. 139 Fig. 7.3. Public Transport Patronage Change in the SEQ Region, October 2018–February 2022. 140 Fig. 7.4. Commuters and Telecommuters Percentage in Different Industries in Shanghai. 140 Fig. 7.5. Commuting Mode Change Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Shanghai. 141 Fig. 7.6. Comparison of Passenger Flows on Shanghai Metro Line 2 During Spring Festival in 2019 and 2020. 142 Fig. 10.1. COVID-19 Transport Policy Outcomes Are Informed by COVID-19 Narratives Plus Pre-existing Transport Narratives and Policies. 188 Fig. 10.2. COVID-19 Narratives. 189 Fig. 13.1. An Example of a Return to High Levels of Road Congestion. 237 Fig. 13.2. Changes in Public Transport Use in Sydney. 237 Fig. 13.3. Change in the Incidence of WFH Compared to Commuting by Various Locations in Australia in September 2020 (W3) and May/June 2021 (W4). 238 Fig. 13.4. Workers Who Would Prefer Mix of Work from Home and Office (July/August 2020). 239 Fig. 13.5. Employer and Employee View on Work from Home Policy When Restrictions End (Wave 2 = May and Wave 3 = September 2020). 239 Fig. 13.6. Commuting Activity by Mode (Wave 2 and Wave 3). 240 Fig. 13.7. Commuting Modal Share Prior to COVID-19 (Australia and South America). 241 Fig. 13.8. Commuting Modal Share Last Week in 2020 (Australia and South America). 242 Fig. 13.9. Commuting/Work Travel and Working from Home by Day of Week (Wave 3 and Wave 4). 243 Fig. 13.10. The Relationship between the Proportion of Days Working from Home and One-way Weekly Trips for Each Trip Purpose (Balbontin et al., 2021a). 243 Fig. 13.11. Level of Concern About Public Transport (Hygiene and Crowding). 246 Fig. 13.12. Perception of Safety of Using Public Transport. 247 Fig. 13.13. Returning to Using Public Transport. 248 Fig. 16.1. Daily Ridership in Stockholm, Sweden for Different Public Transport Modes. Relative Change from 2019 to 2020–2021. Data from Region Stockholm Transport Administration. 292 Tables Table 1.1. A Timeline of Selected Events During the COVID-19 Pandemic. 5 Table 1.2. Number of Cases and Deaths Caused by COVID-19 by Region. 7 Table 2.1. Distribution of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths by Proximity to the Airport and Volume of Passengers Travelling to the Airport. 21 Table 2.2. Associations of COVID-19 Cases and Death Rates and Proximity to Airports, Train Stations and Public Transportation. 22 Table 2.3. Associations of COVID-19 Cases and Death Rates and Proximity to Airports, Train Stations and Public Transportation. 23 Table 2.4. Associations of COVID-19 Cases and Death Rates and Household Density and Racial Compositions. 27 Table 2.5. Associations of COVID-19 Cases and Death Rates and Proximity to Airports, Train Stations and Public Transportation by Majority-White and Majority Non-White Counties. 28 Table 2.6a. Associations of COVID-19 Cases and Death Rates and Proximity to Airports, Train Stations, and Public Transportation by Region by Using Negative Binomial Regression Models. 30 Table 2.6b. Associations of COVID-19 Cases and Death Rates and Proximity to Airports, Trains Stations, and Public Transportation by Region by Using Cox Regression Models. 32 Table 5.1. COVID-19 Context in Spring 2020 Across EU-27 Countries and Switzerland, Norway and UK. 80 Table 6.1. Descriptive Statistics. 114 Table 6.2. Description of the Three Latent Classes. 119 Table 7.1. Immobility Policies and Practices in the Asia-Pacific Nations of East and South East Asia, Australia and New Zealand to Respond to COVID-19 in 2020–2021. 132 Table 8.1. New Projects to Create Opportunity for Recovery from the Pandemic (Agarwal, 2021; GlobalData Healthcare, 2021; Gupta, 2020; Jain & Makhija, 2020; The Insight Partners, 2020). 154 Table 9.1. The Impact of Covid-19 on Active Mobility – Selected Papers. 167 Table 9.2. A Selection of Policy Initiatives Supporting Active Mobility During Covid-19 Pandemic. 172 Table 10.1. Narratives Around New Transport Options Versus Narratives Around Public and Active Travel. 189 Table 10.2. COVID-19 Transport Policies and Their Implications for Public Transport. 190 Table 13.1. Implied Direct Mean Elasticities of the One-way Weekly Trips by Trip Purpose With Respect to the Probability of WFH (Balbontin et al., 2021a). 245 Table 15.1. Per cent Changes in Travel and Tourism Revenues and Employment. 275 Table 15.2. Absolute Variations in Travel and Tourism GDP and in Employment. 275 Table 17.1. Summary of Impacts of Transport Modes on Health. 305 Table 17.2. Summary of Transport Scenarios and Potential Health Impacts. 317 About the Contributors Julian Arellana is the Dean of the College of Engineering at Universidad del Norte in Barranquilla, Colombia. He holds a Civil Engineering degree from Universidad del Norte, MSc and PhD degrees in Engineering Sciences from the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. He is a member of the Academic Network of Mobility in Colombia, the Pan-American Society for Transport Research, and the International Network for Transport and Accessibility in Low-Income Communities for Latin America. He has co-authored more than 45 articles in scientific journals. His areas of interest are transport modelling, transport planning, transport economics, active mobility, and the novel application of choice experiments. Maria Attard is Head of Geography and Director of the Institute for Climate Change and Sustainable Development at the University of Malta. She is Co-editor of Research in Transportation Business and Management, Associate Editor of Case Studies on Transport Policy and sits on the editorial board of the Journal of Transport Geography among others. Between 2002 and 2008, she was a Consultant to Malta’s government and helped develop the first white paper on transport policy (2004) and implement the 2006 Valletta Strategy including park-and-ride, pedestrianisation and road pricing (2007). She also supported the planning for the 2011 public transport reform. She sits on the Steering Committee of the World Conference for Transport Research Society and is a Cluster co-chair for NECTAR. Kay W. Axhausen is a Professor of Transport Planning at ETH Zürich since 1999. He has worked on measurement and modelling of travel behaviour with a focus on survey methods and agent-based simulation; most recently www.matsim.org and the tracking of the COVID-19 epidemics and its impact on working from home. Camila Balbontin is an Honorary Research Fellow at the Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies. Her research focusses on travel behaviour, discrete choice modelling, and decision heuristics. Matthew J. Beck is a Professor at the Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies at The University of Sydney, with an interest in survey methods and the application of choice models, and in recent years with the impact of COVID-19 on travel behaviour and especially the influence of working from home. Michael Bell is the Foundation Professor of Ports and Maritime Logistics in the Institute of Transport and Logistics. His research and teaching interests are catholic, spanning ports and maritime logistics, transport network modelling, traffic engineering, and intelligent transport systems. He is the author of many papers, a number of books (including Transportation Network Analysis, published in 2007) and was for 17 years an Associate Editor of Transportation Research B. In 2005, he founded the Port Operations Research and Technology Centre (PORTeC), a virtual centre spanning both Civil Engineering and the Business School dedicated to research and consultancy in the field of ports and maritime logistics. Jyotirmoyee Bhattacharjya’s research focusses on the role of digital technologies in facilitating supply chain resilience and sustainability. She supervises several PhD projects in these rapidly developing areas. Each supervised project involves significant engagement with industry partners either internationally or within Australia. Within the University, her research engagement involves membership in Sydney Nano, the Computational Approaches to Language Research Node of the Sydney Centre for Language Research, and the Digital Disruption Research Group. Her research has been supported by several business school grants. She serves on the editorial review boards of International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management and Production and Operations Management (POM) and acts as a reviewer for several other supply chain and related journals. Lucy Budd is a Professor of Air Transport Management at Leicester Castle Business School, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK, and Editor of the Journal Research in Transportation Business and Management (Elsevier). Her research focusses on contemporary aspects of air transport policy and operations from both an airline and airport perspective. Matthew Burke is Griffith University’s Chair Professor for the Transport Academic Partnership, involving the Queensland Government, and the Transport Innovation and Research Hub with Brisbane City Council. His research is across travel behaviour, transport geography, and transport planning. Geoffrey Clifton is a Senior Lecturer in Transport and Logistics Management at the Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies, University of Sydney with a focus on buses with higher levels of service and the policy frameworks to support public and community transport services. Melanie Crane is a Senior Research Fellow in the School of Public Health at the University of Sydney and the She is an and has a focus on and and in to the and has published on of Romeo Danielis is a Professor in at the University of His research focusses on and modelling, transport and transport modelling, discrete choice modelling, and of of Matthew W. Esq. is Transportation Technology Chair at The City College of New Transportation Research at the City University of of the International of Transportation and Transportation Chair at and & Benjo Delarmente is a and PhD in Health and Policy at the of Health Policy and Management at the School of Public Health. His research interests of the of on and the of and on choice and Lurdes de Jesus Ferreira is a at & Sustainable of de in She is a PhD in the Climate Change and Sustainable Development Policies at the Institute of Social Sciences of University since 2019. She has a in and Policy and from and has an and in She worked as a and Editor in in and Her research interests for and at a and the role of in Darrell J. Gaskin is the C. and Professor in Health Policy in the of Health Policy and Management and Director of the for Health Disparities Solutions at the School of Public Health. He is a and is internationally for in to for and Arda has a of in Engineering and an from University in He is a PhD at the University of Sydney working with Jyotirmoyee His research focusses on the of in operations and supply chain His and and Luis A. is an Associate Professor at the School of Engineering at Universidad de His research interests mobility, transport and and and of related to transport and policy in Latin America. He is also a and in transport projects in Colombia. He is the author of several articles published in related to the of transport and Pan Haixiao is a Professor of Urban Planning in the of Urban Planning at the University in He is of and transport published books in the field of transport and planning. David A. is the Director of the Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies at The University of Sydney, a Fellow of the of Social a of and published as as 16 He has of in Stephen Ison is a Professor of Air Transport Policy at Leicester Castle Business School, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK, and Editor of the Journal Research in Transportation Business and Management (Elsevier). His as a transport has to research areas most mobility, and air Erik Jenelius is an Associate Professor of Public Transport and Head of the of Transport Planning at Institute of He holds an MSc degree in Engineering and a PhD degree in from the He is an Associate Editor of Journal of Transportation and Journal of Transportation and is of the internationally most impact within and logistics. His research to the of and in transport systems. Benjamin Kaufman is a PhD in Griffith University’s transport research His contemporary with a focus on His research interests and Jennifer L. Kent is a Senior Research Fellow in at the University of Sydney. Her research interests are at the between planning, and She in and with from policy to the and to Miguel Loyola is a and Research at the Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies, University of Sydney. His research is and focusses on the of transport Sandra Melo is the Chair of the Transport Studies Group and of the of and at she has and projects on the of the air and with Carlos Moncada is a Civil and has a PhD in MSc in Transport and MSc in He has 21 years of in transport and projects as and in the public and of developing He is an Associate Professor in Transport Planning and Transport Policy – Transport He is also the Head of of Civil and Engineering at the Universidad de Colombia Corinne Mulley was the Chair of Public Transport at the Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies at the University of Sydney. She is Professor at the University of Sydney and Honorary at and in the United Kingdom and at the University in She is a transport and is active in transport research at the of transport policy and economics, in on to public She has both and on transport including impact transport and public transport Her research is by a to for policy and she has been in research at and John D. Nelson is the Chair in Public Transport at the Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies at The University of Sydney. His interests the application and of technologies to transport as as the policy frameworks and to Daniel is an Professor at the Development Planning of University College An and by he has years of in the of and of mobility, and the role of and transport on and in of Latin America and Matthew Palm is a Research Fellow at the University of and an Professor for the in Sustainable Transportation at the University of Orlando is a PhD at the Development Planning in University College He is an with in and part of he has in to models, and in to of His has a to he is and a An of and Lynn Scholl is a Senior Transport at the Development she research projects on transport in the Latin American and the She holds a PhD in Public Policy from the School of Public Policy at she has been working at the of and to traffic to the of Since years she has been a research on be to Mariangela Scorrano is an Professor in at the University of Her research interests focus on transport and transport modelling, discrete choice modelling, of and the between and Catherine Sutton-Brady is an Associate Professor of at the University of Sydney Business She holds a PhD from Sydney University, and her research interests in the of especially on and She has published in these areas as as in the of higher Her research has been published in as Journal of Business Research, Management, Journal of Business and and Journal of Sonali holds a degree in and from University, India and a degree in Logistics Management from The University of Sydney. a in the she has worked as a Research with Jyotirmoyee Her and research interests are on logistics. Veronique Van Acker is a Research at the Institute of Research, Her research focusses on the between the travel behaviour, and as and Yiping is a PhD in Griffith University’s transport research Her to for choice Her research interests and travel behaviour and transport Luca Zamparini is an Associate Professor of at the University of His research focusses on the of with a on and their for Hossein holds a PhD in Health Policy and He is an at the for Health Disparities of Health Policy and Management at the School of Public Health. He is an Associate Professor at the University of Global is a is working on and and and community to Acknowledgements book been COVID-19 a record and to those in the been by the and their book without their to editorial as as as from of the and working with by the for from the are many the – many to to Ison to this is to the support of as this has been of the has has to be – especially their are a to 1: Introduction Chapter 1: Transport and Pandemic Experiences: An Introduction Chapter 2: How Do Transportation Policies Drive Geographic Disparities in COVID-19 Infections and Deaths in the United States? Chapter 3: The Dilemma of Transport Policy Making and the COVID-19 Accelerator 2: Travel Behaviour in Different Chapter 4: North American Transportation During COVID-19: What Really Changed? Chapter 5: Changes in Travel Behaviour in Europe Chapter 6: Cities Under Lockdown: Mobility and Access Inequalities Stemming from COVID-19 in Urban Colombia Chapter 7: Pandemic Response and (Im)mobilities in the Asia-Pacific Chapter 8: Logistics and Supply Chain Around the World 3: Initiatives and Policies Across the World Chapter 9: Development of Active Travel Initiatives in Cities Chapter 10: Policies for Public Transport Chapter 11: Development of Policies for Ridesourcing and Taxis Chapter 12: Development of Global Policies for the Air Transport Industry Chapter 13: Reducing Congestion and Crowding with Working from Home Chapter 14: Pandemic Lasting Effects on Freight Networks: Challenges and Directions from Cities and Industry 4: to the Future Chapter 15: Impacts on Travel and Tourism Chapter 16: Impact on Public Transport Chapter 17: Impacts on Health Index

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