Ryall Anka, Johan Schimanski, and Henning Howlid Wærp, eds. Arctic Discourses.

This rich and diverse collection of literary essays related to post-Romantic Arctic Discourses and counter-discourses was generated by an international collaborative network built up around the multi-faceted "Arctic Discourses" project at the University of Tromsø (2006Tromsø ( -2009)).Edited by the three project leaders-Anka Ryall (English), Johan Schimanski (Comparative Literature) and Henning Howlid Wærp (Scandinavian Literature)-this volume demonstrates the multiplicity of representations and images of the Arctic found in and formed by texts written from around 1840 to the present from a variety of cultures, time periods and genres.In addition, numerous theoretical frameworks are used to examine these images.This diversity, as the editors point out, makes Arctic Discourses fairly unique, as most previous studies have focused on individual cultures or nations and have privileged Anglo-American literatures, discourses and perspectives.The multifarious nature of this collection is also evident when reading over the list of contributors who range from well-established scholars such as Sherrill Grace to those newer to academia.While nearly half of the contributors are connected to the University of Tromsø, the others work at universities in Canada, Britain, Germany, Sweden and Denmark.Arctic Discourses contains fifteen chapters which are thoughtfully ordered into two parts-"Discovering the Arctic" and "Imagining and Reimagining the Arctic"-preceded by the editors' introduction.This clearly written introduction provides valuable context by discussing the term Arctic Discourses-defined here as "accounts of the Arctic and appeals to Arctic images… within which we form our expectations of the Arctic" (Ryall, Schimanski, and Wærp x)-the distinctions and relationships between dominant discourses and counter-discourses, the notion of "answering back from the Arctic" and the ways in which dominant Western discourses may gradually change.The broad range of perspectives in the various chapters are outlined, as well as the thread which connects them, namely "an interest in studying the formation of the images and representations of the Arctic that have persisted over time and have received new functions in the interplay of different discursive contexts" (Ryall, Schimanski, and Wærp, xiii).Brief comments about several useful theoretical frameworks, and remarks on each of the fifteen chapters round out the introduction.The seven chapters in "Discovering the Arctic" focus primarily on Arctic exploration accounts.In the first chapter, Hanna Eglinger draws upon a variety of personal exploration narratives from multiple expeditions in her discussion of paradoxical metaphors and parabolic narratives, and this is followed by an article by Johan Schimanski and Ulrike Spring which focuses on numerous

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