Sex and gender influence on cardiovascular health in sub-saharan Africa: findings from Ghana, Gambia, Mali, Guinea, and Botswana
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Background Sex and gender-based differences in cardiovascular health (CVH) has been explored in the context of high-income countries. However, these relationships have not been examined in low- and middle-income countries. There is an upsurge of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Irrespective of biological sex, gender-related factors could be the precursor of these conditions. Purpose To examine the associations between biological sex, gender-related variables, and CVH risk factors in SSA countries. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of the World Health Organization's “STEPwise approach to surveillance of risk factors for non-communicable disease” or “STEPS” survey, conducted in adults aged 18–69 years from Ghana, Gambia, Mali, Guinea, and Botswana. The surveys were conducted between 2006 and 2014. The main outcome was CVH, as measured by a composite measure of STEPS-HEART health index (smoking, hypertension, diabetes, obesity/overweight, and daily consumption of fruits and vegetables), values ranging from 0 (worst) to 5 (best or ideal). Multivariable logistic regression was applied to determine the gender-related factors related to poorer CVH (index less than 4). Two-way interaction between the sex and gender-related factors were tested by including an interaction term in bivariate models. Results Data included 15,356 adults (61.4% females, mean age 36.9 years). The prevalence of hypertension (21.6% vs. 13.8%) and overweight/obesity (48.3% vs. 27.5%) was higher among females as compared to males. Females were more likely to be unemployed (17.3% vs. 9.7%) or reported unpaid work (36.8% vs. 15.2%). Overall, females showed worse CVH than males (OR female = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.91–0.99). Being married was associated with better CVH compared with being single, more so for males (OR male = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.96–1.24, p interaction <0.01). Males with unpaid work (OR male = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.12–1.47) had better CVH than their unpaid female counterparts (OR female = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.01–1.17). Conclusion This study highlights an alarmingly high prevalence of CVD risk factors, mainly overweight/obesity and hypertension among females in SSA population. Being female was associated with poorer CVH given the disproportionate burden of hypertension and overweight/obesity. Gender-related factors such as marital status and unpaid work were associated with better CVH in males compared to females. With the rising prevalence of CVDs in SSA, it will be important to consider the gender-related factors while implementing preventive programs and creating effective health policies. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): The GENDER– NET Plus ERA-NET Initiative (project ref. number: GNP-78): The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (GNP-161904)
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».