The intentions and consequences of redistributive relief policy
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
If you had gone through the Irish Famine as I did, you would I think agree with me. In vain I strove to make them do something for themselves, I reconstituted the supply of money – but I begged, prayed, and urged and tried to force them by every means in my power to help in at least managing the relief, not a bit of it. It was entirely thrown on the Govt. officers … We could not let the people starve – but we had to find the means of administering food to hundreds of thousands, unassisted by any Irish residents, high or low. Halifax (Sir Charles Wood in retirement) to William Gladstone (as prime minister), 16 December 1870. The effect of the law was to reduce the middling and struggling classes to abject poverty. Their cattle and stock were distrained for rates to support pauperism, and then they became paupers themselves. He knew, himself, the case of a gentleman who had a large estate lying waste and profitless. The tenants [themselves also] all emigrated to America with the rent, and everything they could scrape together, and the owner of the land could not even let the land as pasture for cattle, lest the stock should be seized for payment of poor-rates. Such was the position of this gentleman, who was now dependent upon private charity for support. He believed that the working of the present law, as far as it respected the mode of administering relief, and the circumstances under which it was given, operated as a penalty upon industry, and an impediment to the cultivation of the land. Richard Whately, Archbishop of Dublin, 11 May 1849. As the previous chapter has shown, the year 1847 was a turbulent one for London’s money markets. In Ireland it is one that has become infamous as the worst point of the famine. ‘Black ‘47’ is not only referred to by historians but in popular discourse too. A recent film about the famine, Black ‘47 , has immortalised the suffering on the ground in Ireland that year. Yet like all historical myths, the reality is more complex. As Peter Gray has recently noted in the Cambridge History of Ireland , there were some economic signs in 1847 that ‘provided the illusion that the Famine emergency was now over’.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,016 | 0,020 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,009 | 0,024 |
| Communication savante | 0,013 | 0,006 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,007 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,006 | 0,008 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,012 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».