Smoking Gun? Effect of smoking history on cognition in AD and MCI
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Background Many lifestyle factors have been associated with lower rates of cognitive decline in AD and MCI patients, however the effect of tobacco smoking remains unclear. This study examined how longitudinal cognitive performance in AD and MCI patients varied for those with versus without smoking history. Method The study included all 126 patients from the Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative (ONDRI) AD/MCI cohort. The patients were divided into those with a history of cigarette smoking (n = 67) vs without (n = 59), defined as greater than two years of daily smoking. To measure longitudinal cognition, MoCA scores were taken three times with one year elapsing between assessments. Result Linear mixed effects models were performed, with MoCA score as the dependent variable. Time point, smoking history, sex, education, age, clinical diagnosis (AD vs MCI) and number of languages spoken were fixed effects and subject was a random effect. The presence of smoking history had a significant effect on MoCA score (χ2(1) = 4.5, p = 0.034), improving the average score by 1.37 points ± 0.66 (standard errors). A strong interaction was also found between smoking history and time point (χ2(1) = 8.2, p = 0.0042), as the positive effect of smoking history on MoCA score increased with time. No other significant interactions were found. Conclusion Our findings indicate that smoking history may improve longitudinal cognition in AD and MCI patients. It is unclear whether smoking history is simply a mediating variable for another protective factor, or whether these results arise from cigarette smoking itself affecting some stage of disease progression. Smoking has been consistently associated with a lower risk of developing Parkinson’s disease (PD), however the mechanism for such protection remains unclear. Further research into any association between smoking history and longitudinal cognition in AD and MCI might indicate whether a similar protective association is found in AD and MCI as exists in PD. However, it must be remembered that smoking is associated with many serious diseases, particularly lung cancer, and remains one of the biggest causes of preventable death worldwide.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».