Experimental Study of Natural Gas Hydrate Formation Kinetics and Inhibition in Brine and Water
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Hydrates formed under high pressure and low-temperature pipeline conditions are a serious flow assurance challenge. Furthermore, there are uncertainties with respect to the performance of different hydrate inhibitors based on their type, hydrocarbon and brine compositions, and operating conditions. Considering the inhibiting effect of salt ions in the brine composition can benefit hydrate chemical management strategies by reducing the high quantities of inhibitors. This study experimentally evaluates the performance of kinetic and thermodynamic inhibitors and investigates the growth of hydrate under subsea pipeline pressure and temperature conditions. The effect of hydrate inhibitors was studied through a novel isothermal approach using varied brine compositions. Few studies such as Kakati et al. (2015) have focused on the inhibiting effect of multivalent ionic brine composition. Our study considers several multivalent ionic salts in formation brine and seawater including NaCl concentrations of 9.7 wt% and 2.4 wt%, compared to previous isochoric and isothermal studies relying only on one salt type. The influence of high and low salinity levels, including multivalent ionic salts, were evaluated, as they have been shown to be able to reduce the quantity of inhibitors used in hydrate chemical management strategies. The results were benchmarked against experiments using de-ionized (DI) water to capture the individual effect of the inhibitors and brine in inhibiting hydrate formation. Growth detection was also captured through image analysis to improve the understanding of hydrate kinetics in water and brine. The experimental results were evaluated according to hydrate equilibrium curves simulated using Calsep PVTsim Nova. A novel macro scale isothermal approach was applied in PVT Cell to investigate natural hydrate formation and growth in DI water and brine systems. The ability of i) a kinetic hydrate inhibitor (KHI) and ii) methanol as a thermodynamic hydrate inhibitor (THI) to inhibit hydrate formation was studied. A sudden drop in the pressure (indirect measurement) confirmed through visual observations (direct measurement) is applied to identify the hydrate formation point. Nine isothermal hydrate tests were conducted, with and without inhibitors, in DI water and brine systems. Results indicate that the KHI was best able to inhibit hydrate formation. KHI inhibited hydrate formation for more than 20 hours in the presence of formation brine at 4.8°C and 97 bar (>1400 psi). In the absence of an inhibitor, hydrate formation in water occurred during the pressurization step, at a pressure below 35 bar (500 psi). The hydrate mixture resulted in a sudden shift to darker colours upon formation, further grew, and agglomerated.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».