2 The Scholarship

TwoThe Scholarship Many Canadians mistakenly believe that a mosaic ideology has long reigned in Canada while the melting pot still enjoys hegemony in the United States.This is not so.Over the course of the twentieth century, multicultural ideologies displaced dominant assimilationist ones often called Anglo-conformity in Canada and the melting pot in the United States.Multiculturalism became a formal state policy in the former but not in the latter, though in neither case was the trajectory from a minority to a leading if contested creed a linear or straightforward one.The Canadian federal policy adopted in 1971 initially emphasized an ethnicity-based multiculturalism and provided funding for ethnocultural organizations interested in the preservation of cultural heritage and for research on ethnic groups.By the 1980s, most provincial governments, some of which had earlier passed similar policies, had their own multiculturalism policy.In 1982, multiculturalism was recognized by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which superseded the 1960 Canadian Bill of Human Rights.In 1988, the Canadian Multiculturalism Act was passed.In response to the growing calls to combat racial discrimination against newer immigrants, the 1980s also saw the creation of some equity-or rights-based policies and programs.Official multiculturalism has always attracted critics, but the experts report that it remains popular with Canadians, though to a far less extent in Quebec. 1 American MulticulturalismAmerican ideologies of multiculturalism were less codified but no less far-reaching and, in some cases, more insurgent in questioning existing hierarchies of race and gender.In the United States, the term "multiculturalism, " while it surfaced in the 1970s, rose to prominence in the late 1980s and early 1990s to describe movements in universities and the public schools demanding greater curricular attention to non-European groups in American life.The term quickly spread beyond the academy to take in popular affirmations of the value of diversity.As an ideology or

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