The Global Sixties and the Coming of Revolution
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The popular upsurge of the sixties in Pakistan was a product of the interaction among global, regional and local politics. It was not a unilinear movement towards the rise of Bengali nationalism but, rather, several complex twists and turns in global and local politics, and the atmosphere of the global sixties transformed nationalist imaginings in East Pakistan. The image of Ayub Khan’s military-bureaucratic regime was seriously tarnished by his inability to wrest Kashmir from Indian control. Propaganda during the 1965 war had convinced the Pakistani people that they had emerged victorious from the war. Yet the Tashkent peace accord belied such claims. This resulted in popular anger at home as Ayub Khan could not explain why he had been unable to secure in Tashkent what he had claimed to have won on the battlefield. Meanwhile, the war also involved Ayub Khan’s regime in intense Cold War diplomacy. During the war, China had proclaimed open support to Pakistan while the US had stopped the supply of weapons to the latter as soon as the war started. However, after the war Ayub Khan moved closer to the US, since he knew that China could not meet the economic needs of his model of foreign-aid-driven praetorian capitalism. He also compelled the long-time member of his kitchen cabinet, the pro-Chinese Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, to resign. Bhutto raised the banner of revolt on the high moral ground of independence for Kashmir, installation of parliamentary democracy and policies tuned towards Islamic socialism. It was a timely move on Bhutto’s part. Consequently, divisions appeared among the ruling elites of Pakistan, and Ayub Khan became estranged from the very institution that had supported him, namely the army. As the ruling elites became fragmented, the war unleashed inflationary pressure on the economy, and people embarked on protests. Glaring class inequality and regional imbalance fuelled unrest. Soon global revolutionary waves hit Pakistan. George Katsiaficas, a participant social historian of the global 1968, calls this the ‘eros effect’ of the global wave of revolution. The eros effect refers to the movement of transnational waves of transformative social movements. During this moment, popular social upheavals dramatically challenged established social orders, and the basic assumptions of patriotic nationalism.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».