Using choice experiment to inform water conservation initiatives under different water scarcity backgrounds to improve water security
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
To improve the effectiveness of water management policies aimed at water conservation, human behaviour and public preferences regarding water availability and supply are expected to play a key role but must be better understood. Water scarcity status can strongly influence stakeholders’ support for water resources management and significantly drive public willingness to pay (WTP) for water conservation measures. To account the full benefits of adopting conservation measures to improve urban water security, it is of paramount importance to understand what prevents people from investing in practices that protect and improve water yield in basins responsible for their water supply.The main objective of this study is to inform water conservation programs in Brazil about public preferences for improving water security aspects (i.e., water supply and conservation measures) in the basins feeding water to urban city centers. To also test for possible influence of water scarcity experiences on public preferences for conservation measures and water security aspects, a choice experiment was carried out in two capital cities in Brazil that have faced different water restrictions and rationing efforts: the Metropolitan Region of Sao Paulo and Campo Grande city. We interviewed 400 people in each city in November 2021, and simple multinomial logit models using Apollo in R were used to estimate WTP for the reduction of the frequency and duration of future water shortages, as well as three different conservation practices: agroforestry, afforestation, and water harvesting technologies.A model is estimated for each city, the Metropolitan Region of Sao Paulo (MRSP) and Campo Grande, as we wanted to test whether the different public experiences with water use restrictions and rationing lead to a different public WTP for water conservation measures. In both samples, the status quo alternative significantly decreased respondents’ utility, indicating an avoidance of the current water security status even though the respondents faced different water shortage experiences in each city. Twice as many residents in MRSP (77%) in the survey faced at least one episode of water restriction in the last decade than Campo Grande residents (36%). As a result, a decrease in the duration of water supply interruption has a significant effect on the respondents’ utility, considering the model estimated for the MRSP. In contrast, a reduction in the frequency of future water shortages was not significant. In Campo Grande, none of the attributes related to water security significantly impacted public preferences. Only the proposed measures had a significant influence on the utility of the respondents form Campo Grande. Our findings indicate that previous experiences with water scarcity affects not only the preferences for conservation initiatives, but also whether society perceives that these measures contribute to improving the water security. This study provides insightful information to policymaking for effective initiatives to improve water security with the involvement of society. Unveiling people’s preferences for water conservation practices and improvements in water availability and supply is fundamental to promote protection and conservation of water ecosystem services provided by river basins and, consequently, improve current and future water security.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,012 | 0,015 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,006 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».