(Re)assessing Climate-Smart Agriculture practices for sustainable food systems outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Bono East Region, Ghana

• We assessed farmers’ perception of CSA’s potential to promote SFS outcomes. • Farmers perceive CSA’s potential to promote FNS and EP as highly important. • Farmers perceive CSA’s potential to promote SE and ES as less important. • These enormity displacement in perceptions are motivated by socio-ecological factors. • There exist widespread unmet information and training needs for CSA practices. This research paper assesses the reality of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) practices’ potential to promote the outcomes of sustainable food systems (SFS) within Ghana’s smallholding agriculture context. The study demonstrates that rural farmers generally perceive CSA’s contribution to ‘food and nutrition security’ and ‘economic performance’ as more important than CSA’s contribution to ‘social equity’ and ‘environmental stewardship’. From a narrow perspective, the study demonstrates that farmers perceive CSA’s potential to ‘prevent pest and disease outbreaks’ and ‘increase human capital information’ as the most important contribution of CSA to SFS outcomes. In contrast, CSA’s potential to promote environmental stewardship is perceived as the least important among Ghana’s rural farmers. This enormity of displacement of smallholders’ perceptions at large is motivated by demographic, socioeconomic and ecological factors. Moreso, the CSA for SFS outcomes narratives is driven by farmers’ self-apprise, social networks and other local information dissemination agents. Furthermore, research findings suggest farmers’ awareness of CSA practices and interventions is deficient owing to unmet training and information needs for approximately 82% of the CSA practices and interventions. This situation elucidates the dichotomy of CSA practices’ narratives as tools for attaining food, nutrition security and economic performance to the detriment of critical issues such as increasing awareness and building farmers’ capacity to engage with CSA practices while also managing socio-ecological trade-offs that emerge over time due to engagement with CSA. Critical (re)orientation is needed across the scale to drive CSA practices and interventions that confine climate adaptation and food production practices within safe planetary boundaries without undermining social, economic, food and nutrition security needs. The four light-colored (blue, orange, yellow and green) interconnected circles on the right represent the four dimensions of sustainable food system outcomes. The four petals (blue, yellow, orange, and green) and their sizes illustrate the ranking of importance smallholder farmers perceive for each dimension of sustainable food system outcomes when engaging with Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) practices and interventions. Local divers of CSA for SFS outcome narrative and the enormity of displacement of smallholders’ perception

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