A68 HOW REAL ARE YOUR SURVEY RESPONDENTS? IDENTIFYING FRAUDULENT RESPONDENTS IN ONLINE SURVEYS – A CASE EXAMPLE IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD)
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Background Social media and online surveys are commonly used to recruit and collect data from patients and physicians about GI diseases – they are efficient, convenient, and less resource intensive compared to traditional recruitment approaches and paper surveys. However, online data fraud is increasing and difficult to identify. Online data fraud can include intentional duplicate responses/straight-lining/inattention, bots/malicious software, and professional survey takers who provide fraudulent responses to meet study eligibility. Purpose 1) Illustrate challenges of identifying fraudulent respondents through an algorithm and verification process we developed for our survey in IBD. 2) Demonstrate potential impact of fraudulent respondents on data and results. Method Online survey of Canadian adults (>18 years) with IBD about healthcare processes for managing IBD hosted using Qualtrics. Recruitment was done in clinic and online (mailing lists, social media). A $25 giftcard was offered for participation due to low response after 3 months in field, after which a large influx of ‘respondents’ occurred. Most were fraudulent although not obvious at first. To mitigate further fraudulent responses, we added the following to our survey: reCAPTCHA score, repeated question (year of IBD diagnosis), duplicate ID score, fraud score and honeypot question. Our algorithm to identify fraudulent responses included 13 binary ‘red flag’ variables: age <18 years, year of diagnosis < year of birth, 2 different year of diagnosis, invalid postal code, survey duration <10 minutes, survey duration 10-15 minutes, suspicious comments for open text questions (x2), duplicate email, suspicious email, duplicate ID score ≥30, fraud score ≥30, and failed honeypot question. These variables were used to generate a fraudulent response score (range: 0-13; 13=most likely fraudulent). ‘Respondents’ with scores >3 were categorized as likely fraudulent. Respondents with scores ≤3 were reviewed individually. Respondents flagged as likely real or unsure were emailed and asked to verify their age; those who correctly verified age were considered likely real and included in the final sample. Result(s) Of the 4334 ‘respondents’ who started the survey, based on fraudulent response score we identified 75% (n=3258) as likely fraudulent, 17% (n=727) as unsure and 8% (n=349) as likely real. After age verification, 76% (n=3297) were considered likely fraudulent, 14% (n=592) remained unsure, 10% (n=442) were considered likely real, and <1% (n=3) were duplicates of likely real respondents. Conclusion(s) Despite convenience, social media and online surveys can be prone to fraudulent responses, especially when incentives are offered. We developed an algorithm and verification process to identify fraudulent responses using an IBD survey example. Given that only 10% of the full sample was considered likely real, researchers using social media and online surveys should carefully examine data for fraudulent responses and apply strategies to mitigate risks. Please acknowledge all funding agencies by checking the applicable boxes below CCC Disclosure of Interest None Declared
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,036 | 0,118 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,003 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,003 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».