The 1890s in Italy and America - Decade of Crisis

The 1890s in Italy and America -Decade of Crisis Claire LaVigna Violent clashes and crises convulsed most of the Western world in the 1890s.Dramatic events in France spring quickly to mind--the massacre of Fourmies, the Panama scandal, the Dreyfus affair, and the Fashoda incident.At the turn of the century, even Britain, long thought to be the bastion of liberalism in Europe, faced crisis and confrontation in Africa with the Fashoda incident and the Boer War and unprecedented vioience at home from workers, women suffragists, and supporters of Irish home rule.This discussion will focus on similar clashes and crises in the 1890s in Italy and the United States, since these crises contributed appreciably to the distrust of foreigners in America and the sense of hopelessness in Italy that influenced subsequent Italian immigration into North America, ultimately directing the stream of Italian immigration from the United States into Canada.On the surface at least, turn-of-the-century events in the United States and Italy seem rather similar.At the end of the nineteenth century a series of temporary economic setbacks and violent episodes all but obscured the solid industrial progress occurring in both countries.Early in the 1890s each of them went through financial crises--the economic panic of 1893 in the United States and the bank scandals of 1892-93 in Italy.Both countries experienced labor unrest: in the United States among the most dramatic were the Homestead steel strike of 1892 and the Pullman strike of 1894; in Italy the uprisings of the Fasci Siciliani in 1893-94 and the Fatti di Maggio [the events of May] in 1898.Assassinations of their heads of state struck both Italy and the United States in 1900, with the deaths of King Umberto I in Monza and President McKinley in Buffalo, New York.And both states initiated imperial forays in that decade; for the United States the Spanish-American War of 1898 and for Italy the Ethiopian War of 1895-96.However, beneath these surface similarities lies a welter of differences, especially in terms of the context in which these crises

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