Article „Multifaceted Challenges to Democracy - Lobbying and Current Trends of its Legal Regulation“
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Lobbying has become an important accompanying event of the political system of modern democratic countries, playing a significant role in representing and protecting the interests of individual members of society before the governmental bodies. It is believed that the mentioned mechanism is becoming more and more important in terms of quick and effective communication of society members with the government. However, the various attitudes towards lobbying and in some cases, its association with negative events creates significant challenges regarding its legal functioning in a modern democracy. Taking into account the increased involvement of lobbying in decision-making and political processes, it is an important task of democratic states to bring it into the legal regulations and to implement it within the framework of the law. Precisely, appropriate legal mechanisms should ensure the maintaining of balance, which on the one hand will facilitate the functioning of the abovementioned mechanism of expressing and representing the interests of society members and on the other hand, ensure the protection of public interests in the decision-making process and the conduct of such a process based on the principle of publicity, it will also make the persons performing similar activities properly accountable. Although a number of countries (for example, the United States of America) started thinking about the legal regulation of lobbying in the 30s of the last century, however, the first and second decades of the 21st century turned out to be quite important in terms of the legal regulation of lobbying, when about 30 countries adopted relevant legal acts on the regulation of lobbying, thus these countries legally recognized the implementation of similar activities and determined the possibility of conducting them within the framework of the law. The presented article deals with the review of the experience of the legal regulation of lobbying in foreign countries, in which the legislative acts adopted in certain countries (France, Great Britain, Germany, Austria, Canada, Taiwan and others) in the recent period regarding the legal regulation of lobbying have been analyzed, the goals, tasks, principles of legal regulation of lobbying, essential features of legislative acts regulating lobbying activity, issues related to the publicity and accountability of lobbying activity, as well as the transformation that the legal regulation of the mentioned event has experienced during the last decade, have been reviewed. The essential aspects related to the legal functioning of lobbying as a legal event in the respective countries have been presented.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,003 | 0,007 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,003 | 0,007 |
| Communication savante | 0,011 | 0,005 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,005 | 0,006 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,007 | 0,002 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».