Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Neither the Charter of 1858, nor the subsequent Charter of 1863, nor the Supplemental Charters of 1867 and 1878, changed the overall size of the governing body, the Senate, which had been fixed in the original version, in 1836. Its formal composition continued to be a Chancellor and Vice-Chancellor plus thirty-six Fellows. The Chancellor and the Fellows were appointed by the Crown and held office during good behaviour: the Vice-Chancellor was elected by the Senate from amongst the Fellows, and was subject to annual re-election. However, from 1858 onwards, while all Fellows continued to be appointed by the Crown, the practice began of filling a proportion of vacancies from among persons elected by Convocation. Every other new Fellow appointed after April, 1858, was to be chosen, by the Crown, from three elected nominees of Convocation, until a quarter of the Fellowship – nine Fellows – consisted of Convocation nominees – a quota reached in 1866. Thereafter the elective device was employed to fill one vacancy in four. In what follows, the Fellows appointed after nomination and election by Convocation are described as ‘Convocation-nominated’. Those Fellows appointed directly by the Crown are described as ‘Crown-chosen’. As significant as the formal change which brought Convocation nominees on to the Senate was the change in the attitude of Governments, after 1858, to the matter of filling vacancies. For the first two decades of its existence, the Senate had often been well below its full strength. Deaths and retirements reduced the Fellowship by almost a third in the 1840s. The Conservative Government of Sir Robert Peel, from 1841 to 1846, and Lord Derby’s two short-lived Conservative Governments in the 1850s, made no appointments. But in Lord John Russell’s Administration, six new members were added in 1849–50; and in Lord Palmerston’s first spell in Downing Street a new Chancellor and six new Fellows were appointed in 1856–57. Among the latter were the first two London graduates to enter the Senate – Frederick John Wood and William Withey Gull. Just before the 1858 Charter came into effect, they were joined by Charles James Foster, one of the leaders of the graduates, who was to be the first Chairman of Convocation.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,007 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,005 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,010 | 0,004 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,004 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,003 | 0,005 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,300 | 0,307 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».