HF01-18 I CAN′T HOLD IT ANYMORE: A BRIEF HISTORY OF EPONYMOUS SELF-RETAINING RETRACTORS
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Résumé
You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023HF01-18 I CAN′T HOLD IT ANYMORE: A BRIEF HISTORY OF EPONYMOUS SELF-RETAINING RETRACTORS Alain Kaldany, Eric Singer, and Alexandra Tabakin Alain KaldanyAlain Kaldany More articles by this author , Eric SingerEric Singer More articles by this author , and Alexandra TabakinAlexandra Tabakin More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003243.18AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Self-retaining retractors provide surgical exposure while preserving two-handed dexterity, and are commonly used instruments in open surgery. We present a brief history of several physicians who developed self-retaining retractors which remain in use today, namely Balfour, Thompson, and Bookwalter. METHODS: Literature review was performed of primary and secondary sources regarding the Balfour, Thompson, and Bookwalter retractors, as well as the lives of the physicians whose names they bear. RESULTS: Donald C. Balfour was born in Toronto in 1882 and joined the Mayo brothers in Rochester, Minnesota as a pathology assistant after completing his medical training. He went on to join the surgical staff, eventually heading the section of general surgery in 1912. In the same year he published his seminal article in Annals of Surgery detailing a “spreading retractor” which “holds its position firmly when introduced.” After tuberculosis forced him to give up his clinical practice, Balfour focused the remainder of his career on education and surgical training, going on to co-found the American Board of Surgeons and serve as president of the American College of Surgeons. Richard C. Thompson was born in Fresno in 1919. He studied medicine at Stanford and completed his internship at Yale. Thompson was not a surgeon but an anesthesiologist. The idea for his innovative eponymous retractor came to him in 1959 when he saw a colleague secure a gag to the drape with a clamp during a tonsillectomy, freeing his hands. He paired a metal bar with a post affixed to the bedrail and patented his retractor in 1965. Eventually, the use of his retractor system expanded to general surgery as a tool for hands-free abdominal exposure. John R. Bookwalter was born in Ohio and completed surgical residency and cardiothoracic fellowship in Boston after earning his degree from Harvard. In 1973, he opened a practice in Vermont, quickly realizing the challenges of maintaining exposure without assistance. This, paired with a disdain for holding retractors he developed in training, motivated him to devise his eponymous retractor. Taking advantage of access to a metallurgy workshop gained in the Army, he began developing his device, which was patented in 1979. It included a single-post design, over-the-drape setup, and a novel ratcheting method. He marketed his retractor to other surgeons, and it quickly achieved widespread use in abdominopelvic procedures. CONCLUSIONS: The contributions made to urology by Drs. Balfour, Thompson, and Bookwalter prevail to this day, as their retractors remain important instruments in the modern operating room. Source of Funding: None © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e262 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Alain Kaldany More articles by this author Eric Singer More articles by this author Alexandra Tabakin More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».