(2940–2941) Proposals to conserve the name <i>Amanita fulva</i> with a conserved type against <i>Agaricus badius</i> and <i>Agaricus trilobus</i>, and the name <i>Amanita spadicea</i> with a conserved type (<i>Basidiomycota</i>)

(2940) Amanita fulva Fr., Observ. Мycol. 1: 2. 1815, nom. cons. prop. Typus: Germany, Bavaria, Kohlstadt, near Viehhausen, under Picea abies, 20 Jul 2007, Bresinsky (REG No. 26483). MBT 10010486, typ. cons. prop. (=) Agaricus badius Schaeff., Fung. Bavar. Palat. Nasc. 4: 63. Apr–Dec 1774, nom. rej. prop. Lectotypus (hic designatus): [icon in] Schaeffer, Fung. Bavar. Palat. Nasc.: t. CCXLV. Sep–Oct 1771. MBT 10008684. Epitypus (hic designatus): Italy, Bologna, Vidiciatico, Rio Ri, under Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba and Picea abies, 26 Aug 1992, Consiglio & Spisni GC99172 (AMB No. 19304). MBT 10010660. (=) Agaricus trilobus Bolton, Hist. Fung. Halifax: 38. Mai 1788, nom. rej. prop. Lectotypus (hic designatus): [icon in] Bolton, Hist. Fung. Halifax: t. XXXVIII, fig. 2. Mai 1788. MBT 10010719. Epitypus (hic designatus): Great Britain, Scotland, Carrbridge, Sluggan Bridge, in open Betula pendula and Pinus sylvestris woodland, 28 Aug 2022, Kibby & Tortelli (K(M) 001435713). MBT 10011768. Jacob Christian Schaeffer was the first author to document the so-called “ringless Amanitas”; he provided detailed illustrations representing four new species: Agaricus plumbeus Schaeff. (Fung. Bavar. Palat. Nasc. 4: 37. 1774, illustrated as t. LXXXV [85] & LXXXVI [86] in 1762), Ag. hyalinus Schaeff. (l.c. 4: 63, illustrated as t. CCXLIV [244] in 1771), Ag. badius Schaeff. (l.c. 4: 63, illustrated as t. CCXLV [245] in 1771) and finally the illegitimately named Ag. fulvus Schaeff. (l.c. 4: 41, illustrated as t. XCV [95] in 1762) (non Ag. fulvus Retz., 1769). As sanctioning author, Fries (Syst. Mycol. 1: 14. 1821) did not give much credit to the morphological differences observed by Schaeffer, and lumped all these taxa into a single species for which he selected the name Ag. vaginatus Bull., nom. sanct. However, before opting for Bulliard's name, Fries (Observ. Мycol. 1: 2. 1815) had adopted Schaeffer's basionym Ag. fulvus, and validly published it as what we now interpret as the replacement name, Amanita fulva Fr.; however, Fries seemed to ignore the fact that Ag. fulvus Schaeff. was a later homonym and also cited in synonymy Ag. trilobus Bolton (Hist. Fung. Halifax: 38. 1788, illustrated as t. XXXVIII [38] fig. 2) making it an earlier name for this species, homotypic under Art. 7.5 of the ICN (Turland & al. in Regnum Veg. 159. 2018), a fact ignored by all later authors. Persoon (Tent. Disp. Meth. Fung.: 66. 1797) considered Ag. badius and Ag. fulvus conspecific, and created a new (superfluous) name, Am. spadicea Pers., encompassing both of them (Gilbert in Bresadola, Icon. Mycol. 27: 211. 1940). None of Schaeffer's or Persoon's epithets were sanctioned at species rank in Fries's sanctioning publications (Art. F.3.1). Since then, Amanita fulva has been univocally applied to one of the most common species in temperate and northern Europe (Boudier, Icon. Mycol. 1: t. 7. 1904; Fraiture in Opera Bot. Belg. 5: 74. 1993; Massart in Boll. Gruppo Micol. G. Bresadola 43: 249. 2000; Tulloss & Yang, www.amanitaceae.org, continuously updated; etc.). This species is well-characterized by a hardly mistakable combination of features: membranous volva with reddish orange spots, white smooth stipe, and an umbonate, small to medium-sized (3–6 cm diam.) pileus, typically fawn to reddish orange coloured (but occasionally orange-yellow to vinaceous buff and dark fawn). Courtecuisse (in Miscell. Mycol. 14: 8. 1986) described an albinotic form as Amanitopsis fulva f. alba Courtec., and Traverso (Genere Amanita Italia: 50. 1999) described A. fulva f. xylophila M. Traverso for basidiomata fruiting on decaying trunks. Of the 137 bibliographic mentions compiled and checked by us, all available illustrations or descriptions of a species under this name in the European literature are considered representative of the taxon as typified by the proposed conserved type. Recent phylogenetic reconstructions based on ITS sequences (Malysheva & Kovalenko in Mikol. Fitopatol. 149: 151–163. 2015; Hanss & Moreau in Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 133: 67–141. 2020; Tulloss, unpub. data) show that the species has a palearctic distribution, with geographically related colour variations without taxonomic value. As the name is automatically typified by the type of Agaricus trilobus (see below), we propose here a conserved type for Amanita fulva based on a recent collection from Regensburg, Germany (J.C. Schaeffer's prospecting region). Sequence data from the proposed conserved type are deposited in GenBank: OP663322 (ITS), OP647100 (LSU), OP653882 (RPB2). Unlike the situation with Amanita fulva, Agaricus badius Schaeff. is rarely cited in literature. Fries (l.c. 1821) mentioned it in his variant “d” of Ag. vaginatus, along with Ag. pulvinatus Bolton (Hist. Fung. Halifax: t. 49. 1788), and defined by “p[ileo] spadiceo”. In modern literature, Am. badia (Schaeff.) Bon & Contu (in Doc. Mycol. 15(59): 53. 1985) has been illustrated only in a few specialized publications, with divergent interpretations generally based on robust basidiomata, with brown pileus and thick volva. Traverso (l.c.), Consiglio (in Boll. Gruppo Micol. G. Bresadola 43: 215. 2000) and Morini & al. (Atlas Macromyc. Amanitaceae Bologna: 62. 2020) present illustrations of Am. badia with a smooth stipe and reddish brown pileus corresponding relatively well with Schaeffer's original plate. It must be noticed that Schaeffer described the pileus as being bay colour “demum campanulato, badio, striato”. The plate published by him (here designated as lectotype) exists in several copies, all hand-coloured by J.C. Schaeffer himself. The well-preserved copy at the Société Mycologique de France (Paris) has a bay pileus, clearly with reddish shading. Amanita badia was tentatively typified by Consiglio (l.c.), who designated an epitype but this was ineffective due to the lack of citation of a supported type (Art. 9.21). Consiglio's “epitype” could be sequenced though, and was found to be conspecific with the conserved type of Am. fulva proposed above. This collection thus represents an unusually stout, brown-coloured form of the species, but with white, smooth stipe, which distinguishes it from related species. This collection also matches adequately Schaeffer's plate of Agaricus badius, which shows the white stipe and fox-red spotted volva typical of Am. fulva and relatives. We choose (above) to follow Consiglio's proposal and formally designate this collection in the herbarium of the Associazione Micologica Bresadola, Trento, Italy (AMB No. 19304), as epitype of Ag. badius. Sequence data from the epitype are deposited in GenBank: OP663323 (ITS). Finally, Agaricus trilobus Bolton (Hist. Fung. Halifax: 38. 1778) was published earlier than Amanita fulva and Ag. badius and was cited by Fries (l.c. 1815) in the synonymy of Ag. fulvus Fr., thus making the latter a superfluous illegitimate synonym of Ag. trilobus, automatically typified by the type of Ag. trilobus (Art. 7.5). Two original hand-coloured editions of Bolton's plate XXXVIII [38] could be examined. The original edition preserved at the Kew Herbarium (Richmond, U.K.) was coloured with salmon-tinged stipe and lamellae, the volva kept uncoloured. In the Michigan University copy (accessible through Hathi Trust online library) the volva is also flesh-coloured on the external surface, in accordance with the protologue. These elements, especially colours, could first be interpreted as representing the currently recognized Am. crocea (Quél.) Singer, Am. fulva Fr., or Am. fulvoides Neville & Poumarat. A coloured volva excludes Am. crocea but fits well the two last. Usually Am. fulva displays white lamellae and stipe, although Bolton described “pale cinnamon brown” lamellae. We found several collections which diverge from the canonical Am. fulva by such colours on stipe and lamellae, confirmed as conspecific with Am. fulva by ITS sequences. We choose as epitype of Ag. trilobus a collection from Scotland corresponding to such colouration forms, representative of Bolton's description. By these typifications, Agaricus trilobus and Amanita badia are fixed as earlier synonyms of Am. fulva (Art. 11.4). However, considering the broad use of the latter name during two centuries, we believe that replacing it by Am. badia would introduce much disturbance, as mentions of that name are few and ambiguous (24 bibliographic mentions found, at least 3 of them illustrating Am. fulvoides), whereas Am. fulva scores at least 137 mentions in European literature, including popular books and identification guides. Furthermore, Ag. trilobus, which would take precedence over Am. fulva as a homotypic synonym, has never been in use during the last two centuries. For this reason, we think that conservation of Am. fulva with the proposed conserved type would contribute to the stability of nomenclature in this group, in contrast to the revival of a name with multiple interpretations and another (“trilobus”) having never been in use and with an epithet referring to a feature without taxonomic significance. (2941) Amanita spadicea Pers., Tent. Disp. Meth. Fung.: 66. 14 Oct–31 Dec 1797, nom. cons. prop. Typus: France, Orne, Cerisy, under Fagus sylvatica, 17 Sep 2017, herb. DL170917a (LIP 0002285). MBT 10008688, typ. cons. prop. Amanita spadicea was published by Persoon (Tent. Disp. Meth. Fung.: 66. 1797) as a collective taxon, based on Schaeffer's Agaricus badius and Ag. fulvus (see above). Both of Schaeffer's plates are cited in the protologue and constitute the only available original material of Am. spadicea. Later, Persoon (Syn. Meth. Fung.: 248. 1801) assimilated Ag. fulvus (with a “?”) into typical Am. spadicea, and distinguished three varieties: Am. spadicea var. badia (based on Schaeffer's Ag. badius), var. fulva (based on Bulliard's plate 212 “Ag. vaginatus” but not Schaeffer's Ag. fulvus), and var. subviscida Pers. Although Persoon's (l.c. 1801) later description of Am. spadicea is mostly based on Schaeffer's description of Am. badia, in the protologue (Persoon, l.c. 1797) some elements exist that are obviously not taken from Schaeffer (“in quercetis”, “stipite squamuloso fuscescente”), and suggest that Persoon had personal experience with this species. Such a species with squamulose and darkening stipe fits neither Am. fulva as interpreted today, nor Am. badia considered here a synonym of Am. fulva. Therefore, we propose to reject as a possible type both elements of original material cited in the protologue, one of which is the type of Ag. trilobus Bolton (see proposal 2940 above), and, instead, by proposing conservation of the name with a conserved type, preserve the current use of Am. spadicea (e.g., Consiglio in Boll. Gruppo Micol. G. Bresadola 43: 211–232. 2000; Contu in Field Mycol. 4: 128–136. 2003; Contu in Boll. Assoc. Micol. Ecol. Romana 72: 3–15. 2007; Kibby, Genus Amanita Brit. 2012; Hanss & Moreau in Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 133: 67–141. 2020; Tulloss & Yang, www.amanitaceae.org. 2020). The proposed type is a collection from northern France, found under Fagus sylvatica, i.e., more similar to Persoon's protologue localities (“in quercetis”) than most available collections, which were usually found under conifers. The “neotype” designated by Contu (in Boll. Assoc. Micol. Ecol. Romana 46: 16. 1999): Italy, Forca d'Acero, 26 Sep 1999, and deposited at the University of Innsbruck (IB), is not an effective typification due to the existence of original material (Art. 9.8) and, moreover, could not be located at IB (U. Peintner, pers. comm.). Because Contu's photo of his selected specimen does not conform to the current concept of Amanita spadicea by the volva having brownish spots (stains of earth?), we do not retain this specimen as a reference for Am. spadicea. Amongst the 13 bibliographic references compiled by us which illustrate or describe Am. spadicea in European literature, 7 conform to the concept proposed here, whilst 6 are not interpretable by us. As an alternative to the present proposal, Amanita spadicea could be lectotypified by one of the two elements cited by Persoon in the protologue: t. CCXLV of Schaeffer (1771), which is the lectotype of Agaricus badius, or by t. CXV (1762), which is referable to Am. fulva, making Am. spadicea a homotypic synonym of one of the two names. This would force the creation of a new name for a well-defined species currently named Am. spadicea. Our aim here is to avoid this unnecessary nomenclatural move, by preserving Am. spadicea in an unequivocal interpretation. P-AM, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4783-3643 J-MH, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9390-4284 BA, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7365-2443 J-MB, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9289-2349 JB, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3966-558X GC, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8788-5195 RC, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7923-1124 HŠ, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8674-0410 RET, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2479-9075 Z-LY, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9745-8453

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