European Union and United Kingdom Competition Law Developments in the Aviation Sector: January to June 2021
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
As a direct result of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and the support measures initiated by EU Member States to compensate airlines for lost revenues, a review of the EU competition law developments the first half of 2021 continues to be dominated by State aid cases. This article summarizes the main developments over the past six months and provides the reader with an overview of the details of each of these developments. The first six months of 2020 have continued to be dominated by State aid cases, be it decisions by the European Commission (‘Commission’) to approve State aid applications, appeals of those or previously decided State aid cases, or the handing down of judgments from the General court. It is to be expected that for years to come, State aid decisions will form a significantly greater part of the competition law diet. In the six-month period, looking only at COVID-19 pandemic related cases/decision: at least sixteen Commission State aid decisions related to compensating undertakings for the direct or indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic; twelve Commission State aid decisions were appealed to the General court (mostly by Ryanair); and we are now seeing a significant number of judgments from the General Court relating to some of the Commission’s COVID-19 State aid decisions. In this period, Ryanair scored equal numbers of successful and unsuccessful appeals. Taking a quick look at the State aid applications submitted to the Commission State, a number of measures were submitted under Article 107(2)(b) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (‘TFEU’), which enables the Commission to approve State aid granted to compensate specific companies or specific sectors for the damages directly caused by ‘exceptional occurrences’. Few could ever contest that the COVID-19 pandemic would not qualify as an ‘exceptional occurrence’ it was an extraordinary, unforeseeable event having a significant economic impact globally. As a result, the interventions by the Member States to compensate for the damages directly linked to the COVID- 19 pandemic were considered justified. The Commission is also empowered to assess State aid measures requested by Member States under Article 107(3)(b) TFEU, which enables it to approve State aid granted to promote the execution of an important project of common European interest or to remedy a serious disturbance in the economy of a Member State. Again, few would dispute that the COVID-19 pandemic caused serious disturbances in the economies of EU Member States. The final main mechanism to consider State aid is the Temporary Framework specifically set up by the Commission to enable the quick approval of State aid providing that the measures fell within defined parameters. In relation to mergers, there are only five mergers mentioned, of which one reference the abandonment out of the Air Canada/Air Transat transaction after an in-depth investigation lasting more than eleven months. It should be noted that as a direct result of commitments regularly imposed by the Commission in State aid decisions under the Temporary Framework, recipients of State aid (like Air France, TUI, Finavia, Riga Airport etc.) are in principle prohibited from acquiring shares in competing or related markets, and this may have a dampening effect on merger activities in the aviation sector.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,012 | 0,026 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,003 | 0,004 |
| Communication savante | 0,020 | 0,006 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,018 | 0,007 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,030 | 0,010 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».