Nationalism and the Exclusion of Migrants: Cross-National Comparisons by M. Gijsberts, L. Hagendoorn and P. Scheepers, and: Migration in the New Europe: East-West Revisited by A. Górny and P. Ruspini (review)

I84 SEER, 84, I, 2oo6 recruitedby Myrdaland Nicholas Kaldor (thefirstHead of ResearchDivision) in the 1940s: they and no fewer than half the other economists of that vintage which the chapter singles out continued productive work for the rest of the century (Tibor Barna, Karl Brunner,Hal Lary,AlfredMaizels, Rudolf Notel and Robert Neild). The present reviewer,who was part of the team between 195I and I963, recallsthe intellectualatmosphereas that of an international universitywith the added value of research missions to the Soviet republics and statesof EasternEurope, then virtuallyclosed to Westernacademics. Commending publications of all five UN regional commissions, the volume's authors the others are Adebayo Adedeji on that for Africa, Blandine Destremau on that for Western Asia, Gert Rosenthal on that for Latin America and the Caribbean, and Leelananda da Silva on that for Asia and the Pacific review established, and furnishnovel, methodologies and analyses in the broad field of development economics and policies. Among their Secretariatswas another Executive Secretary whose achievements the book sagaciously acknowledges, the founding head of the (then) Economic CommissionforLatinAmerica,RauilPrebisch,who reinterpretedthecomplex issues of development into concrete measures which governments could practicallyimplement. Prebischsought to modify the divisionbetween North and South,just as Myrdalstruggledwith thatbetween Eastand West. University ofBirmingham MICHAEL KASER andStAntony's College, Oxford Gijsberts, M., Hagendoorn, L. and Scheepers, P. (eds). Nationalism andthe Exclusionof Migrants:Cross-National Comparisons. Research in Migration and Ethnic Relations Series. Ashgate, Aldershot and Burlington, VT, 2004. xvi + 296 pp. Tables. Figures. Notes. Appendices. Bibliography. Index.?49 95G6rny , A. and Ruspini, P. (eds).Migration intheNewEurope. East-West Revisited. Migration, Identities and Citizenship. PalgraveMacmillan, Basingstoke and New York, 2004. xx + 283 pp. Tables. Figures. Maps. Appendix. Notes. Bibliographicreferences.Index. ?45.??. THE issues of migration have become a flashpoint of controversy and a hot political issue of many European states. During the I990S frequent scares about migration from the post-socialiststatesof Central and EasternEurope have come to influence emotive debates about immigration into Western Europe. These debates have reached boiling point with the first wave of eastern enlargement of the European Union, which had triggered scares many of them totally unfounded -about the possibility of widespread economic migration from the new members into Western Europe. The political impact of such fearshave been considerable,fuellingthe exceptional performance of, for example, the right-wing populist United Kingdom Independence Party in the 2004 elections to the European parliament, or provided some of the backdropto the 2005 Frenchand Dutch rejectionsof the constitutionof the European Union. REVIEWS I85 What is more interesting, perhaps, is what such Western European fears show about the mechanisms through which mental borders between an 'eastern' and a 'western' Europe are being reinforced in the identities of European citizens a decade-and-a-half after the end of the Cold War, when the assumption, by some of the Central and Eastern European states of EU membership,is supposedto have unifiedthe continent. Unfortunately,neither of the two books under review addresses this question directly, though it is raisedby Agata Gorny and Paolo Ruspini in the introductionto theirvolume, and by some of their contributors,most notably by EdwardA. Tiryakan,in a stimulating essay on the difficulties and challenges in shaping a notion of European identity in a post-enlargement European Union, that is sufficiently encompassing to make the process of expansion 'culturally manageable'. Gorny and Ruspini's collection of essays as a whole, however, ends up suffering from some of the major shortcomings of this genre of academic publication its content is simplytoo uneven to make a majorcontribution. Furthermore,it has not been greatlyhelped by a lack of conceptual clarityon the part of the editors, as to the purpose of the volume. It mixes the resultsof veryspecificresearchinto the sociologyofmigrationinparticulargeographical contexts, with more theoretical observations, together with explicit policy prescriptions.As a consequence the volume is hampered by a basic lack of clarityabout the questionswhich its contributorshave been askedto address. Gijsbert, Hagendoorn and Scheepers's volume, however, does not suffer from this shortcoming. It is the major outcome of a substantialcollaborative researchprojecton the relationshipbetween nationalidentitiesand exclusionary attitudes towards other in twenty-two countries, that include the most significantCentral and Eastern European countries, selected Western European states,aswell as the United States,Canada, Australia,New Zealand...

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