Notice bibliographique
Résumé
FOCUS □ AUSTERITY ANDTRADEUNIONRIGHTSINEUROPE Austerity in Ireland I There since attack mechanisms wage a sustained the has on fixing crisis been Irish a sustained attackon Irish wage fixing mechanisms since the crisis DR. PETER RIGNEY IsIndustrial Officer wtth the Irish Congress off Trade Unions In Dublin Ireland Europe turies of was for relative many one poverty, of years. the poorest It inequality had endured countries and mass cenin Ireland Europeformanyyears.It had enduredcenturies ofrelative poverty, inequality and mass emigration. On joiningtheEU Ireland'saverage incomewas 63percentoftheEU average.Itrose to 125percentand is stillhigher thantheaverage ,despitethedepthofthecrisis. Irelandhada deep economiccrisisduring the1980s.In 1987, government, unions and employersagreed to worktogether todeveloptheeconomy and society ,inpartnership. Thiswas remarkably successful .Totalemployment inIreland andaveragedisposableincomesdoubledover20yearsandeco nomicgrowth roseby260percent between1987 and 2008.SincetheCrashof2008,each has fallen backtotheapproximately thelevelof2004. Theseverity ofthebanking crisis inIreland, and inparticular àie previous government's hasty and ill-considered decisionto guarantee theliabilities ofallIrish bankstippedtheIrish economy intoa fiscal crisis. The severity ofthatcrisis robbedthe Stateof the resourcesto introduce meaningful measuresof fiscalstimulation. In additionthe severity ofthecrisis meant that theoutgoing government concentrated on fiscalmatters to the exclusion ofallelse. In accordancewith the anti-crisis measures seen since 2008,unemployment in Irelandhas risensteeply.The pattern of increasehas been thesameas thatin Spain,and theweight ofthe increasehas fallenmostparticularly on young workers. Therearenow twoemerging problems on theemployment frontone of youthunemployment and one oflongterm unemployment. The Irishgovernment has introduced fiveanticrisisbudgetssince 2008 whichhave had the effect of severely depressing domesticdemand. Whilethe exporting sectorhas done well, the performance of thissectorcannotbe takenfor granted, giveninternational economicdevelopments . In anyevent, thehistory ofcountries tryingtodeal withfiscalcrisesis thatexports alone willnotsuffice to allowa country torecover. The socialeffects ofthecrisis havebeenmainly witnessedthrough unemployment. However therehave been effects in otherareas of the economy.Irelandhas been theonlycountry in theEU 27 tocutbackon basicminimum income allowances.Evidenceemerging from thesurvey on incomeand livingconditions would indicate the inequality is rising, reversing the progress madeintheprevious decade. Unemployment Irelandwas one ofthefivecountries in theEU wheretherateofunemployment morethandoubledduring thecurrent crisis. Themonthly unemployment figures, knownas theliveregister, providean imperfect measureofunemployment as, forexampleit includesworkers on shorttime. However itprovides monthly up todatedata,and is a reliable indicator oftrends. TheJanuary 2012 editionshowsthatduring 2011thestandardised unemployment rateaveraged14.2percent for the yearcompared to 137 percent for2010. Youngpeopleunder25yearsofage havebeen badlyhitbytherecession. Youthunemployment has trebledsince2008 with1 in 3 youngmen under25 beingout of work.The scale of the problem is maskedbya bigincrease innumbers re-entering orstaying ineducation and thenumbersemigrating . Thisis showninthemostrecent liveregister figures whichshowthenumbers of personsagedunder25 on theliveregister falling to 17.1percent inDecember2011from 19.9percenttwoyearsearlier . However, thenumbers of young peopleunder25emigrating increased from 15,600in 2004to 30,000in 2009.Sectors suchas construction, retailand serviceswhere young peoplewereheavily employed shedthousands of jobs. Between Q1 2008 and Q3 2009 youth employment in construction and manufacturing slumpedby63.6percent and47.4percent. Migration Thedecadebefore theeconomiccrashwas characterised by highlevelsof immigration. In four yearstheIrishlabourmarket tookon a diversity that ittooktheGerman labourmarket forty years to achieve. According to the2006 census,7.4 percent of thepopulation ofIreland werenonIrishEU citizens .Notsurprisingly, 40 percent werefrom the UK. However,almostthe same proportion about 100,000people were citizensof Poland, Lithuania and Latvia, mostofwhomhad migrated since2004.Whilesome ofthesepeople left Irelandsince2008,manydidnot.Theseworkers were moreexposed to rising unemployment as theytendedto be employedin sectorsof the economywhichhave been particularly hardhit suchas construction, salesandpersonal services. A morerecent characteristic oftheIrish economyhas been the resumption of emigration of Irishpeople.The destination ofthesemigrants is mainly theUK,butsignificant numbers go alsoto Canada and Australia, the commonlanguage apparently exerting a stronger pullthancommon EU citizenship. Wages and wage fixingmechanisms Whiletherehas been a sustained attack on Irish wagefixing mechanisms sincethecrisis, theseeds oftheseattacks canbe found inthesuccessofthe NationalEmployment Rights Agencyreferred to above.Thisbodycommenced workin 2007and exposed a wide range of malpractices mainly among small non-unionemployerswho had INTERNATIONAL union rights Page 10Volume 19Issue 22012 becomeaccustomed tooperating undertheradar. The effectiveness of the new body provokeda backlash from thesesmallnon-unionised employers , outsidethe establishedemployerbodies. Theseemployers succeededinbuilding a coalition ofsupport mainly amongconservative rural backbenchmembers ofparliament ofthethengoverningparty . In addition theymounted a seriesof legalchallenges against thewagefixing machinery. Thisresulted ina decision bytheoutgoing government to cuttheminimum wage fornewhires by12.5percent from €8.65perhourto€7.65per hour,forthosecommencing new contracts from February2011. In fact many unscrupulous employers tried toillegally cutthewagesofexistingemployeeson the minimum wage. A large Dublinhotelchainsought to cutthewagesofits existing workforce, in defianceof thelaw. Staff werecalledin and toldthat'inorderto support thegovernment' they hadtosigna newcontract. Fivewomenfrom Lithuania andPolandrefused to sign, gotincontact withtheir unionandwenton strike. Thisbecamea signature strike fortheIrish trade unionmovement - andone whichwas cost effective given that...
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,003 | 0,005 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,007 | 0,006 |
| Communication savante | 0,013 | 0,006 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,011 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,004 | 0,009 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,060 | 0,012 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».