National and local politics, 1768–1774
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
National politics, 1768–1769: John Wilkes The 1768 election passed reasonably quietly apart from Cumberland, where James Lowther attempted unsuccessfully to gain all the seats, and Middlesex where the radical John Wilkes was elected. King, cabinet and a substantial number of MPs, including Whitbread, united to prevent him sitting. The full implications of this did not fully emerge till 1769. On 27 January 1769 Wilkes presented a petition complaining of his arrest and imprisonment. A division on a government amend¬ment that only part of the petition should be heard was won: for the amendment 278, against it 131 (including Whitbread). On 3 February the House of Commons voted to expel Wilkes by 219 (including Whitbread) to 1372 because Wilkes's article in the Saint James Chronicle of 17 April 1768 was seen as a seditious libel. On 17 February Whitbread spoke to defend the expulsion of Wilkes. On 15 April a government motion was passed declaring Henry Lawes Luttrell MP for Middlesex in Wilkes's place, despite Wilkes having been elected three times as MP for Middlesex and despite Luttrell polling only 297 votes against Wilkes's 1143. The attack by Bernard on Bedford borough, 1769 Outside Parliament there was considerable campaigning in favour of Wilkes. Sir Robert Bernard of Brampton in Huntingdonshire, a leading supporter of Wilkes, decided to try to overthrow the Duke's interest in Bedford. Bernard, MP for Hunting-donshire since 1765, wished to extend his radical empire. He was no doubt aware of the anti-Duke party in the Corporation and the antagonism within the town generally to the coalition between Vernon and Hatton in 1767. He was also conscious of the considerable support for Whitbread among Bedford residents. Whitbread's interest after 1768 supported the Duke. Whitbread had voted against Wilkes and would be unlikely to support Bernard or his allies. It was also unlikely that the Radicals would gain a majority from local resident voters. To defeat the Duke, therefore, Bernard would have to get the Corporation to appoint huge numbers of freemen, loyal to him. The vagaries and difficulties, however, of getting reliable support from London out-setters by the Bedford interest had been shown in the 1768 election. Bernard gathered his supporters from his native Huntingdonshire, who were easier to control. John Heaven, who came from the Harpur Trust estate in Holborn, became mayor of Bedford on 5 September 1768.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,013 | 0,006 |
| Communication savante | 0,007 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,003 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,031 | 0,006 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».