National and local politics, 1761–1768
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
National politics The period 1761–1770 was a period of exceptional political instability with seven prime ministers, five in a single Parliament. Why was this, compared to Walpole who was prime minister for nearly twenty-two years? Lord North, the last of these prime ministers, however, was in power for twelve years. A successful prime minister in the eighteenth century needed to have the confidence of both King and Parliament. He was always vulnerable if contentious legislation was introduced. War and its cost put an additional stress on MPs’ loyalty. Patronage in normal times could keep a ministry steady but contentious issues caused the loose groups, such as the Rockingham Whigs or the Bedford Party, to act collectively. The prime minister had to achieve cabinet unity, difficult if it contained forceful ministers. Lastly he had to enjoy good health. The accession of George III in 1760 changed the relationship between sovereign and prime minister. George was a young man, full of ambition and keen to promote his former tutor, John Stuart Earl of Bute, to be prime minister. Along with their many talents, the Duke of Devonshire shrewdly observed they were both very naïve and had little idea of how the constitution actually worked rather than how it ought to. The ‘King's Friends’ became a new destabilising influence in British politics. In 1762 George III dismissed the Duke of Newcastle, unpopular because of the huge cost of the Seven Years War, allowing him to appoint Bute in his place. The King and Bute then carried out on their own account ‘a ridiculous and expensive war’, as the deposed Newcastle called it, against France and Spain. This was ended by the Treaty of Paris signed on 10 February 1763. It had been negotiated by the Duke of Bedford, as ambassador to Paris (4 September 1762–June 1763). He was a key figure in the administrations of the period, as Lord Privy Seal (1761–1763) and Lord President of the Council (1763–1765). Although Pitt said that the Duke of Bedford had made too generous concessions, Britain had gained Senegal in Africa and Grenada, St Vincent, Dominica and Tobago in the West Indies. In America, Britain gained Canada and all land to the east of the Mississippi river and Florida. Although Bedford had negotiated from a strong hand and he had to make concessions, exchanges etc, the result was a truly remarkable one.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,008 | 0,007 |
| Communication savante | 0,004 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,003 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,022 | 0,004 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».