(2952) Proposal to conserve the name <i>Coccidioides posadasii</i> against <i>Posadasia esferiformis</i>, <i>Coccidium posadasi</i>, <i>Pseudococcidioides mazzae</i>, <i>Geotrichum louisianoideum</i>, <i>Glenospora meteuropea</i>, <i>Glenospora metamericana</i> and <i>Trichosporon proteolyticum</i> (<i>Ascomycota</i>)

(2952) Coccidioides posadasii M.C. Fisher & al. in Mycologia 94: 78. 2002, nom. cons. prop. Lectotypus (hic designatus): [cryopreserved culture] “Pappagianis isolate ‘Silveira’” from “severe primary coccidioidal infection [human] with erythema nodosum”, U.S.A., California, San Joaquin Valley, 1951 (ATCC No. 28868). MBT 10011881 (=) Posadasia esferiformis Cantón ex Posadas, Ensayo Nueva Neoplasia Hombre: Psorospermiosis Infect. Generaliz. 2: [3, footnote]–94. 1898 (‘esferiforme’), nom. rej. prop. Lectotypus (hic designatus): preserved infected human male, left foot, Pieza No. 779 (Mus. Patol., Dept. Patol., Fac. Med. Univ. Buenos Aires). MBT 10011896 (=) Coccidium posadasi Cantón, Tratado Zooparásitos Cuerpo Humano: 108. 1898 (‘posadas’), nom. rej. prop. Lectotypus (hic designatus): [icon in] Cantón, Tratado Zooparásitos Cuerpo Humano: 119, fig. 6. 1898. MBT 10011898 (=) Pseudococcidioides mazzae Fonseca in Bol. Inst. Clín. Quir. Fac. Ci. Méd. Univ. Nac. 4: 495. Apr–Mai 1928, nom. rej. prop. Lectotypus (hic designatus): [icon in] Bol. Inst. Clín. Quir. Fac. Ci. Méd. Univ. Nac. 4: 499, fig. 19. Apr–Mai 1928. MBT 10011882 (=) Geotrichum louisianoideum Castell. in Med. Press Circ. 136: 439. 31 Mai 1933, nom. rej. prop. Neotypus (hic designatus): [cryopreserved culture] Castellani, No. C. 8 (CBS No. 145.34). MBT 10011899 (=) Glenospora meteuropea Castell. in Med. Press Circ. 136: 440. 31 Mai 1933, nom. rej. prop. Lectotypus (hic designatus): [icon in] Med. Press Circ. 136: 440, fig. 4. 31 Mai 1933. MBT 10011900. Epitypus (hic designatus): [cryopreserved culture] isolated by A. Castellani, deposited by R. Ciferri (CBS No. 146.34). MBT 10011885 (=) Glenospora metamericana Castell. in Med. Press Circ. 136: 440. 31 Mai 1933, nom. rej. prop. Lectotypus (hic designatus): [icon in] Med. Press Circ. 136: 440, fig. 5. 31 Mai 1933. MBT 10011901. Epitypus (hic designatus): [cryopreserved culture] isolated by A. Castellani, deposited by R. Ciferri (CBS No. 196.34). MBT 10011886 (=) Trichosporon proteolyticum Negroni & Villafañe in Mycopathologia 2: 57. 1939, nom. rej. prop. Lectotypus (hic designatus): [icon in] Mycopathologia 2(1): t. VIII, fig. 2. 1939. MBT 10011902 Coccidioides immitis Rixford & Gilchrist (in Johns Hopkins Hosp. Rep. 1: 243. 1896) was designated by Clements & Shear (Gen. Fung., ed. 2: 410. 1931) as type of the fungal generic name Coccidioides Stiles in Rixford & Gilchrist (l.c.) (Ascomycota, Onygenales). This species name is occasionally incorrectly cited as “C. immitis C.W. Stiles in Rixford & Gilchrist”, due to a misreading of a statement by Rixford & Gilchrist in the original description “[…] we propose for it, in accordance with the suggestion of Dr. Stiles, the generic name Coccidioides, and we designate the species as Coccidioides immitis”. A quoted letter from Stiles republished by Rixford & Gilchrist (l.c.: 244) supplies the generic diagnosis differentiating Coccidioides from other protozoan genera, Eimeria Schneider and Klossia Schneider, so that the generic name should be attributed to Stiles (Art. 46.2 of the ICN; Turland & al. in Regnum Veg. 159. 2018). Stiles agreed with the suggested specific epithet “immitis” that was made by Rixford & Gilchrist during a face-to-face meeting (see quoted letter) for the one species but disagreed with a second species epithet, “superficialis” for a second species that Rixford & Gilchrist subsequently formally named C. pyogenes Rixford & Gilchrist (l.c.: 261). A sister species was molecularly recognized by M.C. Fisher, G.I. Koenig, T.J. White & J.W. Taylor (in Mycologia 94: 73–84. 2002), who described, identified, and separated it using an operational species concept, Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition (GCPSR; Avise & Ball in Oxford Surv. Evol. Biol. 7: 45–67. 1990; Taylor & al. in Fungal Genet. Biol. 31: 21–32. 2000). The species was named Coccidioides posadasii M.C. Fisher & al. (l.c. 2002: 78). Sequences of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region provide diagnostic polymorphisms for the identification and differentiation of this species from C. immitis (Tintelnot & al. in Med. Mycol. 45: 385–393. 2007). Both species are etiologic agents of one of the classical systemic diseases, coccidioidomycosis, an infection known since the late 19th century (Posadas [as Posada] in Anales Circulo Méd. Argent. 15: 585–597, t. I–III. 1892; Wernicke in Centralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenk. 12: 859–861. 1892). While both species exhibit a preference for arid desert regions of North, Central and South America, C. posadasii is found throughout these climatic zones, whereas C. immitis is primarily restricted in its distribution to the San Joaquin Valley area in California (Fisher & al., l.c. 2002: 73–98; Hamm & al. in J. Fungi 5(74): 1–11. 2019; Kollath & al. in Virulence 10: 222–233. 2019; Crum in Infect. Dis. Therapy 11: 713–742. 2022; Kirkland & al. in J. Fungi 8(859): 1–36. 2022). The purported “holotype” of Coccidioides posadasii is the frozen Californian strain RMSCC “Pappagianis isolate ‘Silveira’” (Fisher & al., l.c. 2002: 79), which, in the appendix to the publication (p. 82), is also listed as “Silveira4” from “D. Pappagianis”. Demosthenes Pappagianis is a well-known Coccidioides researcher who among other things was an author of a publication (Zimmermann & al. in J. Clin. Microbiol. 32: 3040–3042. 1994) that indicated that “Silveira” was isolated in 1951 from a human with severe primary coccidioidal infection with erythema nodosum and from the San Joaquin Valley, California. There were three other Silveira clones of the same isolate routed via the laboratory of Rebecca Cox, referred to as Silveira1, 2 and 3 by R. Cox used as controls (Fisher & al., l.c. 2002: 73–98). The history of these clonal isolates is further elucidated in a genome study of C. posadasii using the “Silveira” isolate in yet another lab (Teixeira & al. in G3 12(4): jkac031. 2022). RMSCC is an acronym for Roche Molecular Systems Culture Collection in Alameda, California. Article 40.7 of the ICN stipulates that beginning in 1990, “the single herbarium, collection, or institution in which the type is conserved must be specified” otherwise the name is not validly published. The type of C. posadasii is consequently interpreted as the RMSCC isolate stored in RMSCC because this was the only location and designation specified in the first sentence following “HOLOTYPE:”. The authors went on to say that it was a widely used isolate maintained in the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) # 28868. Additionally, they indicated that a “killed sample of RMSCC Silveira has been lodged in the Jepson Herbarium, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA” and that frozen samples were also in the “Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia”, thus listing three other locations ATCC (Manassas), JEPS (Berkeley) and CDC (Atlanta) later in the paragraph. Consequently, we interpret the holotype designation to be complete at the end of the first sentence, and the next three mentioned institutes to be indications of isotypes. Given the great importance of the organism involved, it is convenient to make this reasonable assumption of a single holotype with three isotypes. If it were not so interpreted, the name would not be validly published. Notably, the name Coccidioides posadasii was published in the first issue of Mycologia for 2002 and the paper had been in press when the 9/11 attacks occurred on September 11, 2001 in New York City, NY and the Pentagon, Arlington, VA. The species in the genus Coccidioides had become select agents in the U.S.A. (Dixon in J. Appl. Microbiol. 91: 602–605. 2001) and tightened rules followed (Federal Register 70: 13294–13325. 2005) for security reasons. Consequently the isolates, including the holotype, at Roche were destroyed (Matthew Fisher, pers. comm., 2 May 2012). The “killed” specimen was probably intended for UC (J. Taylor, pers. comm., 1 May 2012) rather than JEPS (both herbaria are in Berkeley but only UC held fungi), but the specimen never made it to either and was destroyed before deposit (J. Taylor, pers. comm., 1 May 2012). The number “94720” published by Fisher & al. (l.c. 2002: 79), is a U.S.A. postal code number for the herbaria rather than a specimen number. Given that the holotype was destroyed at RMSCC, and there are no illustrations, we hereby designated the frozen isotype at ATCC as lectotype in accordance with Art. 9.11–9.12; specifically ATCC No. 28868 (ex-RMSCC Silveira from San Joaquin, California, U.S.A.). We note that this isolate is also deposited elsewhere as CBS No. 113859. Ironically and confusingly, the name Coccidioides posadasii was proposed (Fisher & al., l.c. 2002) for the predominantly so called “non-California population” (Zimmermann & al., l.c.; Koufopanou & al. in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94: 5478–5482. 1997) but typified by an aberrant outlier, a Californian isolate. Should the Committee for Fungi and/or the General Committee decide that the name Coccidioides posadasii was not validly published in 2002 with regard to Art. 40.7 by not following our interpretation as explained above, then we request that the registered, validly published homonym (or isonym) Coccidioides posadasii M.C. Fisher & al. in de Hoog & al. (Index Fungorum No. 532. 2023) holotypified by the same lectotype (ATCC No. 28868) chosen here for the 2002 name, be substituted for conservation. Several older names long forgotten as supposed synonyms of Coccidioides immitis (see, e.g., Dodge, Med. Mycol.: 149. 1935) were not considered by Fisher & al. (l.c. 2002) and some of those names threaten the name C. posadasii: C. pyogenes Rixford & Gilchrist (l.c.: 261) was described simultaneously with C. immitis but, because we conclude that it is referable to that species, not C. posadasii, it is discussed in the Appendix to this proposal (below). Other names older than C. posadasii that threaten or potentially threaten the name include Posadasia esferiformis (‘esferiforme’) Cantón ex Posadas (Ensayo Nueva Neoplasia Hombre: Psorospermiosis Infect. Generaliz. 2: [3]. 1898), type of the generic name Posadasia Cantón ex Posadas, which was named after the same person, Dr. Alejandro Posadas. Posadas's famous patient was 33-year-old Mr. Domingo Escurra from Argentina. Posadas studied Mr. Escurra's disease for 7 years, publishing photographs of him depicting his face, full head, torso, all limbs, front and back throughout the years and conducted an autopsy on him following his death. Posadas believed the causal agent was a protozoan and published numerous illustrations and photographs. Although the organism was unnamed in his thesis and some of his publications, Dr. Elios Cantón, a famous Argentinian medical doctor, proposed a generico-specifica name to honour Posadas, “Posadasia esferiforme”, in a footnote in volume 2 of Posadas's Ensayo … for the organism infecting Mr. Escurra. In 1948 the infected head of Mr. Escurra was discovered preserved in a jar in formalin by Dr. Flavio Niño (in Bol. Inst. Clin. Quir. 26: 3–14. 1950), recognizable because the patient had been photographed while living. This was preceded by the discovery of other autopsy specimens (feet, hand) by Dr. R. Sammartino, as documented by Deresinski & Mirels (in Med. Mycol. 57: S3–S15. 2019). Escurra's infected left foot (specimen No. 779) was re-examined by Canteros & al. (in Medicina (Buenos Aires) 69: 215–220. 2009) using microscopy and molecular techniques to identify the fungus specifically as Coccidioides posadasii. Given a choice of original materials including numerous illustrations or Mr. Escurra's head (Exhibit No. 1, Museo del Instituto de Parasitología de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Buenos Aires), versus the molecularly analysed left foot fungus (No. 779, Museo de Patología, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Buenos Aires., Pieza) we opt to select No. 779 as lectotype specimen of Posadasia esferiformis. Photographs of the lectotype were published by Niño (l.c.), Canteros & al. (l.c.) and Deresinski & Mirels (l.c.). This confirms that this earlier species name applies to C. posadasii. Authentic materials of some species names introduced by Aldo Castellani and co-workers (in Med. Press Circ. 136: 439–440. 31 Mai 1933; all often incorrectly attributed to Castellani & Jacono in J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 36: 297–321. 16 Oct 1933) are still available as living isolates in the CBS culture collection. Geotrichum louisianoideum Castell. (CBS No. 145.34, from a well-travelled patient living in Louisiana, U.S.A.), Glenospora meteuropea Castell. (CBS No. 146.34, from an English patient reported to be infected in the Balkans) and Glenospora metamericana Castell. (CBS No. 196.34, origin unknown) all proved to be identical to Coccidioides posadasii on the basis of morphological characteristics and sequences of the rDNA ITS region (Tintelnot & al., l.c.). As these names fulfil the requirements for novel species descriptions under the Code, they are older synonyms of C. posadasii, having priority by more than 60 years (Tintelnot & al., l.c.). In his May 1933 publication, Castellani (l.c.) published two hanging drop illustrations of mostly nondistinctive mycelium, one each of Glenospora metamericana and G. meteuropea that are here selected as their respective lectotypes. No illustration was supplied for Geotrichum louisianoideum in May 1933 (Med. Press Circ. 136), but a nondescript illustration was published in October 1933 (Castellani & Jacono, l.c.) where the earlier publication in May is attributed to G. louisianoideum. The cryopreserved epitypes selected here for the Glenospora names are based upon authentic identified isolates deposited by R. Ciferri years in CBS and their has been is and reasonable to that a of the older Castellani who was a medical the same (see by in Mycologia 57: would isolates Castellani & Jacono (l.c.: of the described in this paper be supplied to in the names for which there are authentic been listed & al. in 1: Dodge, l.c.) as synonyms of Coccidioides immitis but because they are from of California they were probably the more C. posadasii. Cantón Cuerpo Humano: that Cantón by Coccidium before publication (see Pseudococcidioides mazzae Fonseca (in Bol. Inst. Clín. Quir. Fac. Ci. Méd. Univ. Nac. 4: 495. in Méd. Argent. 12: 532. from of (in J. Med. isolated from infection of from the in San but considered to be with C. immitis (see and Trichosporon proteolyticum Negroni & Villafañe (l.c.) isolated from a and infection of from This species name was based upon a culture rather than on the in to Negroni later Trichosporon proteolyticum with Pseudococcidioides mazzae following with of proteolyticum that of of Pseudococcidioides & in but this was followed by who studied the isolate and mazzae was with Coccidioides immitis (in Mycopathologia 4: As these in South America, they are here considered to be C. posadasii. The name Pseudococcidioides mazzae was published at in 1928, with internal that the in Bol. Inst. Clín. Quir. Fac. Ci. Méd. Univ. Nac. volume was published in the or because of publication on and the publication in Méd. Argent. volume on with a footnote the was at a meeting in and it on where is made to a meeting on 1928. In both there is the same here selected as The of Coccidioides posadasii as a species from C. immitis has & al. in J. Clin. Microbiol. as this was the first that a novel species had been described the of molecular The name is widely by and & al. in J. Clin. Microbiol. & al. in Mycopathologia & al. in l.c.; & al., l.c.). the species is the etiologic agent of one of the fungal in in the with of each in New York Acad. Sci. 2007). the names Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii, the two species been the of genome & al. in & al. in & al., & al., l.c.) and medical listed in as of 2022; e.g., & al. in Mycopathologia & al. in Rep. Infect. Dis. No. including & al., l.c.; & al., l.c.). to an earlier name would be as it would to and In the names Coccidium Geotrichum Glenospora G. Posadasia Pseudococcidioides and Trichosporon proteolyticum been and forgotten in of synonyms as has Coccidioides and recognized as to Coccidioides Given the of the name C. posadasii and the of this species as the agent of a it is to the name for the We propose to the name Coccidioides posadasii its earlier we note that of the on of in medical a century often for and were often reported by in which of C.W. (l.c.) Wernicke as a of Coccidioides which would make it an earlier generic name, with earlier specific the one by and often subsequently by the publication by Wernicke (l.c.), not We that Posadas (Ensayo Nueva Neoplasia Hombre: Psorospermiosis Infect. Generaliz. 1: that Dr. Wernicke that Posadas's was not and that the be used for the morphological was in the of the Fungi to & al., Fung., ed. 10: and in other & al., & attributed to Cantón was to his l.c. 1898), where on that following Posadas's thesis they were to name Posadas's protozoan validly but on the name Coccidium posadasi Cantón was based upon descriptions supplied by Posadas and quoted and illustrations by Posadas. Cantón (l.c. Posadas's illustrations, as is from fig. (p. which is identical to Posadas's second on of his published thesis de la de fig. (p. is here selected as Coccidium posadasi is with Coccidioides posadasii. Coccidium typified by C. ed. 1: a protozoan We not the epithet further than The generic name Coccidium should not be with earlier of or with or a first for a among to the Coccidioides posadasii, would publication of a medical and to the of among and of the names of the species, Coccidioides immitis and C. of Coccidioides posadasii from C. immitis not only differentiating two using molecular of but is also upon the and of the name, C. via its type C. posadasii was described in 2002 the authors the name C. immitis was to a recognized A second species, C. was simultaneously described with C. immitis in and been either C. immitis or C. posadasii. the name C. immitis C. pyogenes and both and to their and to decide C. pyogenes should be C. posadasii or listed as a of C. immitis or C. posadasii should be named C. are (Art. as explained Rixford & Gilchrist (l.c.: introduced the name Coccidioides the type of Coccidioides, based upon of a specimen from a of in a who had been to the of San in Authentic of C. immitis is not known to be preserved at the Johns Hopkins and pers. comm., and the type deposited by Rixford & Gilchrist (l.c.: at the of via and of and from of U.S.A., has been pers. specimens held by Stiles, and been & al. (l.c.) designated a culture of strain RMSCC No. preserved in the (CBS No. the original as the of C. CBS is the Fungal The culture is preserved as CBS No. of the was not in accordance with Art. because other original as were published in the we hereby designate a fig. 1 & l.c.) as lectotype of Coccidioides immitis Additionally, we hereby designate CBS No. as to the lectotype thus & (l.c.) of the name, C. as a species from C. posadasii. We further note that the lectotype was from as reported by Rixford & Gilchrist (l.c.), a in California who had in the but which they or not been infected to from the Coccidioides pyogenes Rixford & Gilchrist (l.c.: 261) described simultaneously with C. immitis was isolated from a infection of a 33-year-old from the having in San Joaquin Valley, California, in San As with C. the authors deposited are to be in the that are as were the other materials with other both C. immitis and C. Rixford and Gilchrist (l.c.: 261) cited and following the which earlier publication of the A footnote on that were listed following another on No to Rixford and Gilchrist is but there are by Med. 1: to Gilchrist and Rixford and to in another The two to and were by the authors on the disease before in the by both study of the disease is but no generic name or are Rixford & Gilchrist (l.c.) the two species that they recognized based upon disease and morphological but not the that the same was in both We note that because the two species a distribution and be we still the that the original of C. pyogenes been C. immitis as both were described from California from who had been in the San Joaquin to in name in we hereby designate the illustration of Coccidioides pyogenes from 1 by Rixford & Gilchrist (l.c.) as lectotype of C. pyogenes Additionally, we hereby designate as the same specimen selected as for C. CBS No. This that C. pyogenes is a of C. immitis and not of C. posadasii. The selected for both was molecularly and from that for C. posadasii by & al. (l.c.) and There was a that C. pyogenes was C. immitis than C. posadasii because of the of C. immitis in California. other listed synonyms for Coccidioides pyogenes are and (l.c.) considered that C. immitis Rixford & Gilchrist and C. pyogenes Rixford & Gilchrist a single species that should be in and “[…] name then would be there should be to the of published to these are validly published names (Art. both are as the immitis or pyogenes were available for in is also which name is C. pyogenes had been with C. immitis in Sci. 1: the names should be considered as to C. We Dr. de Universidad del San de for including the Cantón (l.c. from and also for with de de Instituto de We also that the late and were and on

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