Guest editorial: Upscaling industrial electricity innovations to deliver net‐zero targets

This is our first IET Renewable Power Generation Proceedings Special Issue on Upscaling Industrial Electricity Innovations to Deliver Net zero targets. The transition to a net-zero energy system would require large-scale integration of renewables, High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) schemes, and other inverter-based technologies, which will replace conventional synchronous technologies that offer stability support and ancillary services to the power system. The main objective of this Special Issue is to facilitate sharing of technical insights and exchange of knowledge on industrial innovation projects for de-risking the deployment of renewable energy sources, HVDC schemes, FACTs devices, and low-carbon technologies across electricity networks. The Issue contains five papers across four topics: In Gunasekara et al., Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM) concept is investigated, analysed, and implemented on a simplified test system. A Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) inverter is controlled as a VSM. The BESS with VSM response is compared with a conventional synchronous machine response in all test cases to assess and demonstrate the dynamic response of both technologies. The electromagnetic transient simulation results demonstrate that the VSM response is effective and capable of mitigating stability issues associated with low-inertia power systems or weak electricity grids. Moreover, the proposed VSM response is further verified using an actual transmission network model with high penetration of renewable energy sources. The authors in Timmers et al. assessed and compared the technical and economic feasibility of all direct current-based collection and transmission systems for Offshore Wind Farm collection. The study assessed four different wind farm connection design options, comprising: (1) all-AC collection and transmission; (2) AC collection with HVDC transmission; (3) MVDC collection and HVDC transmission; and (4) all-MVDC collection and transmission. Also, a sensitivity study is performed to analyse the influence of design parameters, including windfarm size, collection voltage and distance from shore, plus component costs on the levellized cost of energy for the different wind farm collection and transmission topologies. The paper provides technical insights, design guidelines, and key considerations required for all-DC-based wind farms to achieve improved cost savings than the existing AC configurations. High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission is suitable for electricity interconnection of power systems operating at different frequencies or between the grids of the different countries across long subsea transmission distances. At transmission distances typically beyond 80 to 120 km and transmission voltages typically over 150 to 275 kV, high-voltage alternating current transmission becomes impractical due to the cable charging current and reactive compensation requirements, compared to HVDC transmission. The authors in Schipper et al. implemented a representative frequency-dependent model for very long HVDC cables up to 4200 km based on the case study of the planned AAPowerLink, using the PSCAD EMT simulation tool. Sensitivity of the frequency-dependent model to cable parameters and operating conditions is assessed. Also, a fault location technique is proposed, and single-ended fault location performance of the frequency-dependent cable model is investigated. The authors in Khan et al. investigated a distributed control algorithm to synchronize an illustrative islanded microgrid with a utility grid, using a leader–follower approach for voltage regulation and load sharing across distributed generators. An adaptive control technique was designed and implemented, which uses an adjustable parameter to eliminate or compensate voltage magnitude and phase angle mismatches, thereby improving the system dynamic performance. Small signal stability analysis was used for the control scheme design and simulation results were used to verify performance. Also, Kumar et al. reviewed the dynamic virtual power plant concept, analysed the associated control algorithms required for achieving system stability, and assessed the primary frequency control performance using internal mode control approaches. The performance of a proposed distributed dynamic power plant concept on the power system frequency deviation and rate of change of frequency is assessed and compared using a test system, where the largest thermal generation source is replaced with a low-inertia hydro generation source. Papers selected for this Special Issue demonstrate that industrial electricity innovations are required to deliver net zero targets. The Special Issue is formed by five different papers from cross-industry projects, original research, technical reviews, and invited papers from the IET AC and DC Power Transmission Conference 2021. Industrial electricity innovations and projects can enable faster transition to a carbon-free future by demonstrating at scale practical solutions for improving power system operation, control, and protection across inverter-dominated network areas with declining stability, inertia, and fault levels. No. The Guest Editorial Board for this Special Issue on Upscaling Industrial Electricity Innovations to Deliver Net Zero targets would like to acknowledge and appreciate the contributions and insights of Authors, Reviewers, Guest Editors, IET RPG Editorial team, and IET ACDC Conference 2021 Event Producer and Technical committee, which contributed to achieving a successful publication. Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi, Lead Guest Editor. Daniel is a chartered engineer with the UK Engineering Council. He has over 12 years’ experience in modelling, control and real-time demonstration of electricity networks, gained from working on major industrial, research, and innovation projects in the UK, Europe, and China. He led both the Offshore Wind Integration and HVDC Innovation Programmes at The UK National HVDC Centre (part of SSEN Transmission), and chaired the technology workstream of the GB Offshore Wind Industry Council (OWIC) Future Transmission group. Daniel is a UK representative for the Cigre B4.81 Working Group. He has supported grid-code compliance, EMT studies and de-risking of industrial HVDC schemes for integration of renewable sources, including operational multi-GW scale Offshore Wind Farms. Dharshana Muthumuni, Guest Editor. Dharshana Muthumuni is the Managing Director of the Manitoba HVDC Research Centre, a division of Manitoba Hydro International. Dharshana Muthumuni received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, in 2001. He has more than 25 years of experience in engineering studies using a variety of simulation products during his career, including PSCAD and PSS/E./EMTDC. He has led the MHRC technical team to solve challenging engineering problems, including wind farm modelling and integration, SSR, black start restoration, and interconnection issues. He is the MHRC's machines and Transformer Modelling and Simulation Specialist and plays an active role in developing new models of power system apparatus for transient simulation studies, working closely with equipment manufacturers to develop detailed simulation models. Hani Saad, Guest Editor. Hani Saad (S’07) received his B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Polytechnique of Montréal in 2007 and 2015, respectively. In 2015, he received the best Ph.D. thesis award from Polytechnic of Montreal. From 2008 to 2010 he worked at Techimp Spa. and in the Laboratory of Materials Engineering and High Voltages (LIMAT) of the University of Bologna on R&D activities. In 2013, he joined the French TSO RTE (Réseau de Transport d'Electricité), where he is currently involved in HVDC projects as a technical expert and in EMT studies. He is the convenor of B4 Cigré working group related to integration of energy storage in HVDC systems and an active member in several other Cigré B4 and C4 working groups. An Ting, Guest Editor. Ting An received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China, in 1982, the M.Sc. degree in high-voltage engineering from China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing, China, in 1985, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK, in 2000. Since 2013, she has been a Chief Expert with Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute. She is currently a Distinguished Expert of China Energy Research Association, a Guest Professor of the Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China. She was with China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing, China, for 5 years, Power Electronic Systems Limited, GE Grid Solutions (former ALSTHOM) T&D UK, Stafford, UK, for 8 years, and E.ON New Build & Technology, UK, for 14 years. She has experiences in the planning, modelling, simulation, and analysis of transmission and distribution systems, including HVAC, HVDC, FACTS, SVC, renewable energy resources, and smart grids. Her research interests include HVDC, HVDC grids, and off-shore HVDC. She is a Chartered Engineer in UK, a Fellow of the IET, a Convener of CIGRE SC B4.72 Working Group, a Regular Member of CIGRE SC B4, and a Member and a Convener of CIGRE SC B4 AG01 and AG02 Simon Marshall, Guest Editor. Simon manages the operation of the HVDC Centre, having developed the Centre from its original inception, through to a world-class centre of excellence. He oversees the work undertaken at the Centre, ensuring quality delivery and that confidentially is protected. Simon previously managed the delivery of SSEN Transmission's innovation portfolio. Prior to joining SSEN Transmission, he was a senior consultant with Capgemini, delivering a range of transformation projects. No.

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