Destruction of religious monuments as a result of turkish-tatar raids on ukrainian lands, in the first quarter of the 17th century
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
For Ukrainian lands, especially the western region, the end of the 16th – the first quarter of the 17th century was a time of tremendous devastation due to constant Turkish-Tatar raids. The destruction of whole villages and towns, houses and churches, massacres, and kidnapping accompanied the attacks by Turks or Tatars.The attacks of Turks and Tatars were not accidental, and there were several reasons for this. First, it is the desire to seize material values at the expense of the prisoners to increase their army and get free labour. However, there were political motives for such attacks. First, the reason was the complex relationship between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire. The following factors were decisive in the next political reasons: interference of Polish magnates in the internal affairs of the Danubian principalities (in 1612, 1616, and 1619); the pro-Austrian policy of King Sigismund III of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and his entourage; annual attacks of the Zaporozhian Cossack Army on the Turkish coast and fleet. According to the historiographic and source analysis, as soon as the diplomatic relations between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire intensified, the number of attacks increased dramatically. Especially many of them took place on the eve of and during the Khotyn War of 1620-1621. It happened because the Ottoman Empire intended to weaken the position of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and intimidate the local population. The greatest intensity of Tatar raids on Red Ruthenia occurred in 1612-1624. Mainly many attacks were carried out on the land of Galicia: 20 times were attacked Kolomyia district; 18 – Halytskyi; 17 – Terebovlianskyi; 14 – Lvivskyi; 12 – Zhydachivskyi; 9 – Stryiskyi; 7 – Drohobytskyi; 6 – Przemyslskyi; 5 – Sambirskyi.Destroying villages and towns, Tatars often chose religious buildings as the main object of attacks: churches, monasteries, and chapels. The enemy had several reasons for this: the Ukrainian population often used the church as a last refuge, hoping that the enemy would not burn down the shrine; the destruction and looting of the church brought material gains to the Tatars because in the churches there were always many valuable things that could be sold or melted down; the destruction of churches also had a psychological effect, people believed that the saints would be able to protect them, so often the main population of the village was concentrated in the church, during the raid of Tatars. As a result, they became easy prey for the enemy.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».