Unlocking New Applications for Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Using Polymer Nanoparticles
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Conspectus Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials are widely used in organic light-emitting diodes, but their long emission lifetimes also make them ideal for use in bioimaging probes, fluorescent sensors, and phototheranostics. Unfortunately, their development toward these applications has been restricted by the poor compatibility of most TADF materials with aqueous conditions. This problem can be addressed by encapsulating TADF dyes into nanoparticles that form stable aqueous suspensions, while preserving─or even enhancing─the photophysical properties of the TADF emitters they contain. Free of heavy metals, these nanoparticles can exhibit reduced cytotoxicity, improved oxygen tolerance, and higher brightness compared to unencapsulated TADF emitters. This Account discusses recent advances in the development and application of TADF-active polymer nanoparticles for use as biocompatible imaging probes and stimuli-responsive materials. We demonstrate that the encapsulation of TADF emitters into semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots), aggregated organic dots (a-Odots) and glassy organic dots (g-Odots) results in nanoparticles with tunable sizes, surface chemistries, and optoelectronic properties. These nanomaterials are particularly well-suited for bioimaging applications, with customizable bioconjugate chemistry and emission profiles ranging from deep-blue to near-infrared. As TADF materials generate long-lived emission, time-resolved fluorescence imaging can be used to obtain images with high signal-to-noise ratios against background biological autofluorescence. Materials with multiphoton absorbance properties capable of near-infrared excitation are also presented. We further discuss strategies for chemically modifying the nanoparticles’ coronas using biomolecules and cell-penetrating motifs to target biological structures both internal and external to the cell. With these strategies, high-contrast imaging of human breast, liver, and kidney cancer cells has been achieved. The ability to target TADF-active nanoparticles to specific tissues, such as cancer cells, has also spurred advances in phototheranostics, which harness the ability for TADF materials to produce cytotoxic singlet oxygen upon irradiation with light. Lastly, as TADF materials can exhibit changes in emission with response to oxygen, temperature, and solvent conditions, we discuss how polymer integration can be used to generate highly effective probes for environmental stimuli. These sensors have potential applications as both in vitro nanosensors and in vivo molecular reporters for disease detection. As an alternative type of sensor, TADF materials have also been employed as reporters in electrochemiluminescence assays for biomarker detection. To explore stimulus–polymer interactions on a fundamental level, the incorporation of TADF materials into bottlebrush polymers is also discussed. Overall, this Account demonstrates that polymer nanoparticles containing TADF emitters have great potential to spur new technologies in fluorescence imaging, sensing, and bioanalysis.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,003 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».