Lodderomyces elongisporus: An emerging human fungal pathogen

Lodderomyces elongisporus, a diploid ascomycete yeast, is attracting broad attention due to its increasing infection of humans.First discovered and described as Saccharomyces elongisporus in 1952 from Californian citrus concentrate [1], this yeast has since been isolated from many sources, including soil, fermented food products, plants, stored apples, pigeon excreta, insects, marine fish, hospital environments, and humans [2-6].Its medical relevance was first noted in 2008 when a retrospective analysis of 542 clinical Candida parapsilosis isolates from 25 countries revealed that ten isolates were actually L. elongisporus [7].Since then, infections caused by this fungus have been reported in 14 countries on 5 continents (Fig 1; Table 1).In 1966, the genus name Lodderomyces was proposed as a replacement for the original name Saccharomyces elongisporus to highlight its different physiological features from the type species of Saccharomyces [8].Despite the unique genus name, L. elongisporus closely resembles C. parapsilosis: they both grow as oval to elongated cells or in pseudohyphal form, forming cream-colored colonies on Sabouraud dextrose agar.Furthermore, they both can assimilate high molecular-weight paraffins.Therefore, clinical isolates of L. elongisporus have often been misidentified as C. parapsilosis by conventional methods such as API 20C, ID 32C, and Vitek 2 [7,9].However, researchers noticed this mistake after plating isolates previously identified as C. parapsilosis isolates on CHROMagar and finding that certain isolates formed turquoise blue colonies rather than the white to pale pink colonies typical of C. parapsilosis.Subsequent molecular analysis revealed that isolates forming turquoise blue colonies actually belonged to L. elongisporus.Phylogenetic analyses based on DNA sequences at a single gene, multiple genes, and whole genomes all clustered L. elongisporus into the Candida clade, closely related to the C. parapsilosis species complex that includes C. parapsilosis, Candida orthopsilosis, and Candida metapsilosis [10] (Fig 2).The L. elongisporus genome size (15 to 16 Mb) is slightly larger than that of C. parapsilosis (12 to 13 Mb) but in the range of several other common human pathogenic Candida species such as Candida albicans (14 to 16 Mb) and Candida tropicalis (14 to 15 Mb).Species in this clade also shared comparable gene numbers and a largely conserved gene order [11].Importantly, similar to other species in this clade, the CUG codon in L. elongisporus is translated to serine instead of leucine as in most other organisms [11].Together, these characteristics suggest that L. elongisporus should probably be changed to Candida elongisporus.Unique features of L. elongisporus as compared to other species within the CTG cladeAU : Pleaseconfirmthatallheadinglevelsarerepresentedcorrect Candida species that translate the CUG codons as serine rather than leucine belong to the commonly called CTG clade [12].This clade is notable because most of its members can cause diseases in humans.However, species within the CTG clade can vary significantly in several features, including their relative prevalence in humans, stress tolerance, and virulence

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