<b>Variation in Second and Heritage Languages:</b> Crosslinguistic Perspectives. Ed. by Robert Bayley, Dennis R. Preston, and Xiaoshi Li. (Studies In Language Variation 28.) Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2022. Pp. 365. ISBN 9789027211149. $158 (Hb).
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Reviewed by: Variation in second and heritage languages: Crosslinguistic perspectives ed. by Robert Bayley, Dennis R. Preston, and Xiaoshi Li Elaine Tarone Variation in second and heritage languages: Crosslinguistic perspectives. Ed. by Robert Bayley, Dennis R. Preston, and Xiaoshi Li. (Studies in language variation 28.) Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2022. Pp. 365. ISBN 9789027211149. $158 (Hb). This edited volume centers upon variability in second and heritage languages as a necessary attribute of all language development and change, focusing particularly on variability in learners' language that is primarily tied to linguistic context. As the editors and authors of the introductory chapter correctly state, the idea that the utterances produced by second language (L2) learners are variably influenced by both social and linguistic context is not new. They state that the intended contribution of this volume is to expand scholarship in three areas of research on developmental variability: (i) the number of second and heritage languages (HLs) and language varieties included in the study of variation in second language acquisition (SLA), (ii) users' perceptions of the social meanings of variable forms in L2s and HLs, and (iii) the use of mixed-effects linear regression models (MELMs) in measuring the significance of research findings on such variation. The book includes an introductory chapter and twelve research studies drawn from an impressive range of international locations and languages; the research studies are grouped by target language (that is, the language being acquired), namely: Mandarin, Korean, Cantonese, Spanish, French, Italian, and Catalan. Taken together, these studies produce important findings on the impact of linguistic context on a variety of features in the target language produced by L2 and HL learners. In Ch. 1, the editors (Robert Bayley, Dennis R. Preston, and Xiaoshi Li) introduce the three main goals of the book enumerated above and suggest the possible contributions of its studies to current variationist research on SLA. The first four studies examine the acquisition of Asian languages. Chs. 2 and 3 examine English speakers' acquisition of Mandarin Chinese as an L2: Ch. 2 by Li, Bayley, Xinye Zhang, and Yaqiong Cui focuses on the acquisition of the particle le, and Ch. 3 by Rebecca Lurie Starr examines the acquisition of Mandarin phonological variants in Singapore. The third study in this section (Ch. 4 by Mihi Park) turns to the acquisition of nominative argument realizations in Korean as a third language (L3) by bilingual Singaporean speakers of Mandarin Chinese and English, and the fourth (Ch. 5 by Holman Tse) examines the acquisition of Cantonese sociophonetics by English-speaking heritage learners in Toronto. The next three chapters focus on the acquisition of Spanish as an L2 or HL. The first (Ch. 6 by Chelsea Escalante and Robyn Wright) studies Spanish rhotic development by uninstructed speakers of English in Ecuador; the second (Ch. 7 by Kimberley L. Geeslin and Stephen Fafulas) is a quasi-longitudinal study of progressive and habitual verb marking by instructed speakers of English in the US; and the third (Ch. 8 by Rebecca Pozzi) covers Americans' development of sociolinguistic competence during study abroad in Buenos Aires. The next three chapters examine the acquisition of French as an L2. Ch. 9 (by Katherine Rehner, Raymond Mougeon, and Françoise Mougeon) focuses on French first language (L1) and L2 speakers' variable choice of prepositions with place names in Ontario. Ch. 10 (by Vera Regan) reports on ne deletion produced variably by Polish migrants to France in relation to topic, speaker identity, and language attitudes, and Ch. 11 (by Kristen Kennedy Terry) examines English speakers' variable schwa deletion in clitics, after different periods of study abroad in different social networks in France. The last two chapters focus respectively on the acquisition of Italian and of Catalan. Ch. 12 (by Margherita Di Salvo and Naomi Nagy) compares variable object marking in Italian as an HL by three generations of immigrants in Toronto with that of native speakers in Calabria, Italy...
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Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,003 | 0,005 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,004 |
| Communication savante | 0,008 | 0,009 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,004 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,024 | 0,006 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».