High Energy Density Porous RuO<sub>2 </sub>micro-Supercapacitors Using Protic Ionic Liquid Electrolytes
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) demands reliable and long-term energy supply to microelectronic devices distributed over the network with high power performance and less maintenance required.[1] Micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) have come to the foreground as miniaturized energy storage devices showing outstanding power density and long cycle life. However, the low cell voltage and low energy density remain major bottleneck that prevents their adoption in real device applications. To this end, several studies have been devoted to the engineering of MSC electrode materials and structural architecting of current collectors within the limited available footprint. This approach could offer opportunities to enhance the electrochemically active surface and mass loading of active materials with fast ion diffusion kinetics, leading to high areal energy density performance.[2] Although several efforts have been put forth in this direction, the complex synthesis route, unfavourable interfacial and mechanical stability of the electrode, electrolyte compatibility issues, etc. remain an arduous challenge.[3] The low cell voltage is another major issue preventing from achieving high energy density values in MSCs as it is directly linked to the electrochemical stability window (ESW) of the electrolytes used.[4] In addition, liquid-state electrolytes currently employed are inappropriate for the microfabrication route as it is prone to evaporation, leakage, and potential safety issues. Hence, a lot of research attention has been given to developing solid-state electrolytes able to afford large operational windows and help promote the application of on-chip MSCs. In this work, we have demonstrated the use of protic ionic liquid (PIL)-based electrolytes able to provide pseudocapacitance in hydrous ruthenium dioxide (RuO2) electrodeposited on interdigitated MSC substrates with extended operational cell voltage. As a pseudocapacitive material, RuO2 exhibits excellent conductivity, high electrochemical reversibility, and cycling stability.[5] On the other hand, as room temperature molten salts, PILs help to overcome evaporation and encapsulation problems associated with the conventional aqueous electrolytes and flammability and safety issues linked to common organic electrolytes.[6-9] We explored pyrrolidinium-based PILs with varying alkyl substitutions, their structure-property, and electrochemical studies for RuO2 MSCs. To further expand the use of these PILs in real devices, 3D MSCs with higher active material mass loading was realised using interdigitated porous Au current collector substrates. The PIL-based porous RuO2 MSCs showed superior charge storage and higher energy density performance as compared to conventional aqueous electrolytes. To envision the practical application of RuO2 MSCs and their subsequent integration with microelectronic devices, ionogel-based solid-state electrolytes were developed. This work opens pathways to develop micro-supercapacitors exhibiting high energy and power density by combining pseudocapacitive metal oxide-based active materials and protic ionic-liquid-based non-aqueous electrolytes and help their integration with on-chip IoT devices. References [1] N. A. Kyeremateng, T. Brousse, D. Pech, Nat Nanotechnol 2017, 12, 7. [2] C. Lethien, J. Le Bideau, T. Brousse, Energ Environ Sci 2019, 12, 96. [3] Y. Li, S. Xiao, T. Qiu, X. Lang, H. Tan, Y. Wang, Y. Li, Energy Storage Mater 2022, 45, 741. [4] C. Zhong, Y. Deng, W. Hu, J. Qiao, L. Zhang, J. Zhang, Chem Soc Rev 2015, 44, 7484. [5] A. Ferris, S. Garbarino, D. Guay, D. Pech, Adv Mater 2015, 27, 6625. [6] D. Rochefort, A. L. Pont, Electrochem Commun 2006, 8, 1539. [7] M. Yoshizawa, W. Xu, C. A. Angell, J Am Chem Soc 2003, 125, 15411. [8] J. P. Belieres, C. A. Angell, J Phys Chem B 2007, 111, 4926. [9] J. S. Seenath, D. Pech, D. Rochefort, J Power Sources 2022, 548, 232040.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».