Preface

any author investigating aspects of First nations history must, if by peer scrutiny alone, delineate approaches to descriptive nouns and chronological representations.Yet each label assigned to the original peoples who traversed the land mass known as Beringia to eventually populate "the americas" is flawed in both proof and construct.anthropologists, geneticists, and historians, not to mention the oral histories of the descendants of these original hunterexplorers, provide numerous, and often contradicting, explanations and theories for the settlement of what we now refer to as the Western hemisphere.the name Beringia itself is proof enough of the endless cycle of deconstruction and reconstruction of terminology.the Bering Strait, over which a 1,000 mile-wide "bridge" joined Siberia to alaska, between 60,000 and 16,500 years ago, was one passage by which peoples "globalized" (as some historians purport) the entire land mass approximately 12,000 years ago.When the danish-born navigator of the russian navy, Vitus Jonassen Bering, travelled the coastal waters of the arctic in 1741, he surely was not aware that the geographical namesakes bestowed upon him would ultimately lead to such political and academic discourse.What follows is a detailed account of the involvement of Canadian (and at times american, by way of geographical, historical, and ethnological association) 1 First nations, indigenous, native, aboriginal, and indian populations during the First World War-all of these nomenclatures are flawed and debatable in perception and definition.a lifelong friend of the Aamjiwnaang Chippewa (ojibwa) of Sarnia once told me, "tim, i was born an indian, raised an indian, treated like an indian, so i will die an indian."i assumed he had heard this somewhere before or, perhaps, was misquoting Sioux activist russell Means or Vine deloria Jr's Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto (1969). 2 nevertheless, he taught me much in that adolescent conversation about "indianness" and i will use, for this work, his blunt and honest appraisal.J.r. Miller asserts, "Much of the language used in relation to aboriginal peoples is as likely to obscure as to clarify what and whom is under discussion….

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