Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Antimicrobial medicines are difficult to access for the poor people in many parts of the world, mainly because of their costs and lack of local availability. While it is not necessary that these medicines may be produced across the world, it is possible to import them from countries that have enormous production capacities. For this to happen, the countries that lack these medicines should have trade policies in place that facilitate their cheap imports. However, trade policies typically do not take this aspect into account when they are formulated. The policy determinants of high import tariffs are industrial policy and protectionism-related concerns on one hand and revenue considerations on the other hand. In this paper, we take a close look at the global trade and tariffs in various countries in several antimicrobial medicines and medicaments, to come up with inferences on how countries that import a lot of them may do better by reducing tariffs. Especially, the article deals with anibiotics trade. The export and import drug potentials are investigated. The largest export countries proved to be China, the United Kingdom, India, Canada, Germany, Switzerland and Italy. The import leaders are India, Chile, Austria, the USA, Switzerland. A major policy implication emerging from this study is that countries ought to take a deeper look at the trends in trade and tariffs on antimicrobial drugs on a priority basis, since this has to do with lives of real people. Unnecessary blanket tariffs meant for tariff revenue should be avoided, as we find this in many countries that have hardly any production capacity for these drugs (such as the Bahamas, Djibouti, Bermuda, the Comoros, etc.). The bigger players in the sector, both in terms of imports and exports, have relatively lower tariffs, but there is still a lot of scope of reducing these tariffs to ensure that these drugs are available at affordable prices to people at large. Industrial policy motivations to levy tariffs in order to protect the domestic industry against import competition may also need to be done in a measured manner, because this is about health and safety of people and not just another industry. Having said that, for health security purposes, it makes sense to develop domestic production capacity and supply chains. That can be done based on international partnerships, R&D, domestic tax and other policy incentives like the Production Linked Incentives (PLI) scheme in India (rather than tariffs).
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».